Fossils show giant prehistoric kangaroos could still hop

Sthenurine skeleton in the South Australian Museum. 
Photo Credit: Megan Jones

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Fossil analysis reveals that giant prehistoric kangaroos weighing over 200kg retained the physiological capacity for hopping, challenging previous biomechanical theories that suggested a 150kg limit for saltatorial locomotion.
• Methodology: Researchers from the Universities of Manchester, Bristol, and Melbourne combined anatomical measurements from extant kangaroos with direct fossil evidence, specifically analyzing foot bone strength and the surface area of the heel bone for tendon anchorage.
• Key Data: The study analyzed species reaching masses of up to 250kg—nearly three times the weight of the 90kg modern red kangaroo—identifying shorter, thicker foot bones and broad heel bones adapted to support significantly larger ankle tendons.
• Significance: The findings overturn the "scaling-up" model of modern anatomy, proving that extinct giants were built with distinct structural adaptations that allowed them to manage enormous landing forces, though with reduced elastic energy efficiency compared to modern relatives.
• Future Application: This biomechanical framework provides a new foundation for reconstructing the locomotion of other extinct megafauna, moving beyond simple isometric scaling to understand how prehistoric animals navigated diverse ecological niches.
• Branch of Science: Paleontology, Evolutionary Biology, and Biomechanics.
• Additional Detail: Evidence suggests these giants utilized a "movement repertoire" that included slow, short-burst hopping for rough terrain or escaping danger, supplemented by bipedal walking or quadrupedal movement.

Heel bone of the largest giant kangaroo species, Procoptodon goliah. 
Photo Credit: Photo is by Megan Jones and the specimen is from UCMP, Berkeley

Scientists studying the fossil remains of giant prehistoric kangaroos have found that even animals weighing more than 200kg may not have been too big to bounce, overturning long-held assumptions about the limits of hopping. 

Today, the red kangaroo is the largest living hopping animal and weighs around 90kg. But during the Ice Age, some kangaroos grew more than twice the size of that - some reached up to 250kg. 

For years, researchers believed these giants must have abandoned hopping, as earlier studies suggested that hopping would become mechanically impossible above about 150kg. Those conclusions were largely based on simply scaling up modern kangaroos, which scientists from the University of Manchester, in collaboration with the University of Bristol and the University of Melbourne suspected might be misleading. 

Reconstruction of Sthenurine Hopping.
Image Credit: Megan Jones

Now, by combining measurements from living kangaroos with direct evidence from fossil bones, the new study, published today in the Nature journal Scientific Reports finds that giant kangaroos may have been capable of hopping. 

Lead researcher Megan Jones, Postgraduate Researcher at the University of Manchester, said: “Previous estimates were based on simply scaling up modern kangaroos, which may mean we miss crucial anatomical differences. Our findings show that these animals weren’t just larger versions of today’s kangaroos, they were built differently, in ways that helped them manage their enormous size.” 

The team examined two potential limiting factors for hopping - the strength of the foot bones and the ability of the ankle to anchor the powerful tendons that drive a hop. 

Their analysis shows that the giant kangaroos had shorter, thicker foot bones capable of withstanding landing forces, and their heel bones were broad enough to support much thicker ankle tendons than those of modern kangaroos. 

However, these giants probably did not bounce across the landscape like today’s red kangaroos. 

“Thicker tendons are safer, but they store less elastic energy,” explained Dr Katrina Jones, Royal Society Research Fellow at the University of Bristol. 

 “This likely made giant kangaroos slower and less efficient hoppers, better suited to short bursts of movement rather than long-distance travel. But hopping does not have to be extremely energy efficient to be useful, these animals probably used their hopping ability to cross rough ground quickly or to escape danger.” 

The fossil analysis also revealed a range of locomotion strategies among the extinct species. Some giant kangaroos may have mixed hopping with other forms of movement, including walking upright on two legs, or moving on all fours, suggesting that hopping was just one part of a broader “movement repertoire”. 

But the diversity of prehistoric Australia extends beyond just movement. 

Dr Robert Nudds, Senior Lecturer in Evolution, Infection and Genomics at the University of Manchester, said: “Our findings contribute to the notion that kangaroos had a broader ecological diversity in prehistoric Australia than we find today, with some large species grazers like modern kangaroos while others were browsers – an ecological niche not seen in today’s large kangaroos.”  

The findings provide the most comprehensive assessment to date of the mechanical feasibility of hopping in giant extinct kangaroos. 

Published in journal: Scientific Reports

Title: Biomechanical limits of hopping in the hindlimbs of giant extinct kangaroos

Authors: Megan E. Jones, Katrina Jones, and Robert L. Nudds

Source/Credit: University of Bristol

Reference Number: ebio012526_01

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