Electrochemistry: In-Depth Description

Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between electrical energy and chemical change, focusing on processes where electron transfer occurs between a solid electrode and a liquid or solid electrolyte. Its primary goals are to understand how spontaneous chemical reactions can be harnessed to generate electrical power, and conversely, how applied electrical currents can be used to drive non-spontaneous chemical transformations.

The quantum trembling: Why there are no truly flat molecules

Quantum mechanical zero-point vibration—the “trembling" of the atoms—makes formic acid a chiral molecule whose two forms, like the right and left hand, cannot be superimposed.
Image Credit: Institute for Nuclear Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary: The Quantum Trembling of Molecules

• Main Discovery: Formic acid molecules are not two-dimensional as traditionally depicted, but exist as three-dimensional, chiral structures due to constant quantum zero-point motion that forces atoms out of a flat plane.
• Methodology: Researchers utilized an X-ray beam from the PETRA III synchrotron radiation source to eject electrons from formic acid molecules, triggering a Coulomb explosion. They measured the resulting fragment trajectories sequentially using a COLTRIMS reaction microscope to reconstruct the molecule's original spatial geometry.
• Key Data: The molecular explosions and atomic trembling occur within femtoseconds, or millionths of a billionth of a second, causing the ostensibly flat molecule to alternate continuously between left-handed and right-handed configurations.
• Significance: The study establishes that molecular geometry is a dynamic event rather than a static property, demonstrating that molecular chirality can arise entirely from quantum fluctuations rather than a fixed structural blueprint.
• Future Application: This dynamic view of structural chirality provides critical insights for stereochemistry and pharmaceutical development, where the specific handedness of an enantiomer determines its efficacy and safety as a medication.
• Branch of Science: Quantum Physics, Physical Chemistry, Structural Chemistry.
• Additional Detail: The observed quantum trembling, or zero-point motion, persists even at absolute zero, proving that atomic nuclei function as vibrating probability clouds rather than fixed microscopic spheres.

Holistically Improving the Process of Producing Hydrogen from Water

Schematic illustration of the auxiliary-driving effect, highlighting its role in accelerating the HER process.
Image Credit: ©Hao Li et al.

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers developed a novel catalyst combining ruthenium and vanadium dioxide that simultaneously optimizes both water dissociation and hydrogen gas formation in alkaline water electrolysis.
• Methodology: The team employed an auxiliary-driving strategy to engineer the interface between ruthenium active sites and vanadium dioxide, forming conjugated pi-bonds and leveraging a reversible hydrogen spillover process to dynamically adjust electronic structures during the reaction.
• Key Data: The new catalyst demonstrated an overpotential of 12 millivolts at 10 milliamperes per square centimeter and a turnover frequency of 12.2 per second, indicating higher hydrogen evolution activity than conventional platinum-carbon and ruthenium-carbon catalysts.
• Significance: This approach overcomes the kinetic imbalances typical in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis by coordinating multiple reaction steps simultaneously, enabling highly efficient hydrogen production with minimal energy loss.
• Future Application: The highly durable catalyst design has the potential to lower the cost of green hydrogen production, supporting its broader integration into steel production, chemical manufacturing, commercial shipping, and large-scale renewable energy storage.
• Branch of Science: Materials Science and Electrochemistry
• Additional Detail: Device-level performance improvements were confirmed using distribution of relaxation time analysis, and the resulting experimental and computational data have been openly uploaded to the Digital Catalysis Platform.

Rheology: In-Depth Description

Rheology is the branch of physics and materials science that studies the deformation and flow of matter, primarily in liquids, soft solids, and complex fluids that do not follow the simple laws of viscosity or elasticity. Its primary goal is to understand and predict how materials respond to applied forces, stresses, or strains over time.

Why methane surged in the early 2020s

Gerard Rocher-Ros researches the water bodies' emissions of greenhouse gases.
Photo Credit: Mattias Pettersson

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: The unprecedented surge in atmospheric methane during the early 2020s was primarily driven by a temporary decline in hydroxyl (\(\mathrm{OH}^\bullet\)) radicals, which reduced the atmosphere's ability to break down the gas, coupled with increased natural emissions from wetlands due to wetter climate conditions.
• Methodology: Researchers synthesized data from satellite observations, ground-based measurements, and atmospheric chemistry datasets with advanced computer models to isolate variables, specifically integrating novel estimates for monthly methane emissions from running waters and wetlands.
• Key Data: The reduction in \(\mathrm{OH}^\bullet\) radicals during 2020–2021 accounted for approximately 80% of the year-to-year variation in methane growth, while the extended La Niña period (2020–2023) caused significant emission spikes in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Arctic.
• Significance: The study resolves the anomaly of the 2020s methane spike and demonstrates a complex feedback loop where reduced air pollution (specifically nitrogen oxides from transport) inadvertently extended methane’s atmospheric lifetime by limiting \(\mathrm{OH}^\bullet\) radical formation.
• Future Application: Global climate strategies must now incorporate the trade-offs between air quality improvements and methane persistence, necessitating upgraded monitoring systems for tropical and northern wetland emissions to correct predictive model deficiencies.
• Branch of Science: Atmospheric Chemistry and Biogeochemistry
• Additional Detail: The findings expose critical weaknesses in current climate models, which significantly underestimated the sensitivity of wetland and riverine ecosystems to climate variability and precipitation changes.

Geochemistry: In-Depth Description

Geochemistry is the scientific discipline that integrates the principles of chemistry and geology to study the distribution, abundance, and cycling of chemical elements within the Earth and the cosmos. Its primary goals are to understand the chemical mechanisms that drive geological systems—from the formation of the planet's core to the composition of its atmosphere—and to trace the history of Earth's materials through time.

Turning Nitrate Pollution into Green Fuel: A 3D COF Enables Highly Efficient Ammonia Electrosynthesis

Concept of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (\(\text{NO}_3\text{RR}\)) to ammonia (\(NH_3\)) enabled by the 3D COF TU-82 platform. Nitrate (\(NH_3\)–), a major pollutant in agricultural and industrial wastewater, is converted into value-added \(NH_3\) under ambient conditions through metal-bipyridine catalytic sites embedded within the 3D COF TU-82 framework.
Image Credit: ©Yuichi Negishi et al.

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Development of a highly efficient three-dimensional covalent organic framework, designated TU-82-Fe, for the selective electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate pollutants into ammonia.
• Methodology: Researchers synthesized a [8+2]-connected bcu network via Schiff-base condensation, integrating bipyridine coordination pockets that undergo postsynthetic metalation to host atomically dispersed iron (Fe) active sites within a porous scaffold.
• Key Data: The electrocatalyst achieved a peak Faradaic efficiency of 88.1% at -0.6 V vs RHE and an ammonia yield rate of 2.87 mg h⁻¹ cm⁻² at -0.8 V vs RHE, demonstrating high selectivity and operational durability in alkaline electrolytes.
• Significance: This technology enables the transformation of agricultural and industrial nitrate waste into a valuable carbon-free energy carrier under ambient conditions, providing a sustainable alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process.
• Future Application: The 3D COF structural blueprint serves as a versatile platform for designing decentralized ammonia synthesis systems and managing sustainable nitrogen-cycle electrocatalysis on an industrial scale.
• Branch of Science: Materials Chemistry, Reticular Chemistry, and Electrocatalysis.
• Additional Detail: Density functional theory calculations reveal that the superior activity of the Fe-based framework is driven by a significantly lowered energy barrier of 0.354 eV for the rate-determining step: \(\text{NO}^* \rightarrow \text{NHO}^*\).

UrFU Chemists Have Synthesized New Compound to Fight Cancer

If successful in trials, such drugs could reach the Russian market in 7-10 years.
Photo Credit: Vladimir Petrov

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

The Core Concept: Researchers at Ural Federal University (UrFU) have synthesized a new family of chemical compounds that selectively target and suppress the growth of specific tumor cells by halting their division rather than immediately destroying them.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Unlike traditional chemotherapy drugs that are often cytotoxic (cell-killing) and harmful to healthy tissues, these new compounds utilize a cytostatic mechanism. They effectively "freeze" the tumor by blocking Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), a protein critical for cell division, thereby preventing tumor proliferation with reduced toxicity to healthy cells.

Origin/History:

• Discovery Context: Developed by the UrFU Scientific, Educational and Innovative Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies.
• Publication: Findings and descriptions of the compounds were published in the international journal ChemMedChem.
• Timeline: Announced in February 2026, with potential market availability estimated in 7-10 years pending successful trials.

Electrifying biology in a bubble

Small, naturally occurring droplets could have accelerated the development of early life.
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Naturally forming coacervate droplets create a unique internal micro-environment that energetically favors spontaneous reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions, effectively functioning as "proto-enzymes" for early life.
• Methodology: Researchers synthesized coacervates using polyuridylic acid (RNA) and poly-L-lysine (peptides) and coated metal electrodes with a thin film of these droplets. They used electrochemistry to measure voltage as a direct proxy for Gibbs energy and employed Raman spectroscopy to track molecular vibrational modes and the behavior of water molecules surrounding iron ions.
• Key Data: Electrochemical analysis confirmed that the droplet interior significantly alters the thermodynamics of the \([Fe(CN)_{6}]^{3-}\)) / \([Fe(CN)_{6}]^{4-}\) redox pair compared to bulk water, making electron donation more probable. Temperature-dependent measurements allowed the team to isolate and quantify the specific entropic and enthalpic contributions driving this favorable energy shift.
• Significance: This study provides the first molecular-level explanation for how prebiotic droplets could drive chemical evolution, demonstrating that they actively alter reaction thermodynamics rather than merely concentrating reactants as previously thought.
• Future Application: These findings establish a framework for engineering synthetic cells and bioreactors, with immediate research directed toward controlling reaction kinetics (speed) and catalyzing complex biochemical pathways within artificial droplet systems.
• Branch of Science: Biochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Prebiotic Chemistry
• Additional Detail: The investigation uniquely bridges electrochemistry and biology by treating the coacervate-electrode interface as a "Gibbs energy meter," offering a new tool for probing the thermodynamic potential of prebiotic environments.

Honeycomb lattice sweetens quantum materials development

In a honeycomb lattice of potassium cobalt arsenate, cobalt spins (red and blue arrows) couple and align. Potassium, arsenic and oxygen are removed to highlight the magnetic cobalt atoms.
Image Credit: Adam Malin/ORNL, U.S. Dept. of Energy

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Scientists synthesized potassium cobalt arsenate, a new magnetic honeycomb lattice material where structural distortions cause cobalt spins to strongly couple and align, serving as a stepping stone toward quantum spin liquids.
• Methodology: The team crystallized the compound from a solution of potassium, arsenic, oxygen, and cobalt at low temperatures, subsequently characterizing it via neutron scattering, electron microscopy, heat capacity measurements, and computational modeling.
• Key Data: Theoretical calculations indicated that the material's "Kitaev" interaction is currently weaker than other magnetic forces, causing the spins to freeze into an ordered state rather than forming the desired fluid quantum state.
• Significance: This study establishes a critical experimental platform for generating Majorana fermions, exotic collective excitations theorized to be essential building blocks for stable, error-resistant quantum computing.
• Future Application: Researchers plan to tune the material's magnetic interactions by altering its chemical composition or applying high pressure, aiming to develop robust components for next-generation quantum sensors and computing architectures.
• Branch of Science: Condensed Matter Physics, Materials Science, and Inorganic Chemistry.
• Additional Detail: The research supports the global search for "Kitaev materials"—substances with electrically insulating interiors but highly conductive edges—that can resist the loss of quantum properties during environmental interaction.

Purdue mRNA therapy delivery system proves to be shelf-stable, storable

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has published research about a Purdue University virus-mimicking platform technology that targets bladder cancer cells with mRNA therapies. The LENN platform scientists include, from left, Christina Ferreira, Saloni Darji, Bennett Elzey, Joydeep Rakshit, Feng Qu and David Thompson.
Photo Credit: Purdue University /Ali Harmeson

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: The LENN (Layer-by-layer Elastin-like Polypeptide Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle) platform successfully delivers mRNA therapies to bladder cancer cells while retaining full biological activity after being freeze-dried into a shelf-stable powder.
• Methodology: Researchers engineered a virus-mimicking dual-layer nanoparticle to condense and protect nucleic acids, then subjected the formulation to lyophilization (freeze-drying) and storage at -20°C to validate its stability and rehydration properties.
• Key Data: The lyophilized samples maintained complete structural integrity and functionality after three days of storage, successfully targeting upregulated receptors on tumor cells without triggering an immune response.
• Significance: This technology overcomes the severe cold-chain limitations of current lipid nanoparticle systems—which often require storage below -45°C—by providing a biomanufacturable, storable powder form that facilitates easier global distribution.
• Future Application: The team is upscaling the system for preclinical evaluation and initiating efficacy and safety studies in mouse models of bladder cancer.
• Branch of Science: Nanomedicine, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Oncology.
• Additional Detail: Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiling confirmed that the system utilizes natural entry pathways and avoids immune detection, potentially solving the "redosing" clearance issues associated with traditional viral vectors.

More sustainable epoxy thanks to phosphorus

Empa researcher Arvindh Sekar with the novel epoxy resin that is both flame-retardant and recyclable.
 Photo Credit: Empa

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Empa researchers developed a novel epoxy resin based on a phosphonate ester vitrimer that combines flame-retardancy with full recyclability and repairability, effectively overcoming the permanent crosslinking limitations of traditional thermosets.
• Mechanism: The resin incorporates a functional phosphonate ester molecule that forms a dynamic polymer network; these reversible crosslinks allow the material to melt and be reshaped under specific heat conditions, unlike standard epoxies which burn or decompose.
• Key Properties: The modified material retains the high mechanical hardness and thermal stability of conventional epoxy resins while gaining "self-healing" capabilities, enabling the repair of surface scratches and cuts through the application of heat and pressure.
• Context: Unlike standard fiber-reinforced plastics that are typically incinerated or landfilled, this vitrimer allows for the complete separation and recovery of valuable reinforcement materials, such as carbon fibers, from the polymer matrix.
• Significance: This innovation enables a circular economy for crosslinked polymers, offering immediate applications in lightweight, fire-safe composites for aerospace and rail, as well as transparent protective coatings for wooden flooring.

Harnessing evolution: Evolved synthetic disordered proteins could address disease, antibiotic resistance

Yifan Dai and his team designed a method based on directed evolution to create synthetic intrinsically disordered proteins that can facilitate diverse phase behaviors in living cells. Intrinsically disordered proteins have different phase behaviors that take place at increasing or decreasing temperatures, as shown in the image above. The intrinsically disordered proteins on the left are cold responsive, and those on the right are hot responsive. The tree image in the center depicts the directed evolution process with the reversible intrinsically disordered proteins near the top. Feeding into the process from the bottom are soluble intrinsically disordered proteins.
Illustration Credit: Dai lab

The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance could make common infections deadly again, which presents a threat to worldwide public health. Researchers in the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis have developed the first directed evolution-based method capable of evolving synthetic condensates and soluble disordered proteins that could eventually reverse antibiotic resistance.

Yifan Dai, assistant professor of biomedical engineering, and his team designed a method that is directed evolution-based to create synthetic intrinsically disordered proteins that can facilitate diverse phase behaviors in living cells. This allows them to build a toolbox of synthetic intrinsically disordered proteins with distinct phase behaviors and features that are responsive to temperatures in living cells, which helps them to create synthetic biomolecular condensates. In addition to reversing antibiotic resistance, the cells can regulate protein activity among cells. 

Local Magnetic Field Gradients Enable Critical Material Separations

A new high-throughput Mach–Zehnder interferometry imaging capability at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, developed for critical minerals and materials extraction research, enables direct spatiotemporal imaging of ion concentrations in magnetic fields and reveals sustained concentration waves and rare earth ion enrichment regions driven by magnetic field gradients.
Photo Credit: Andrea Starr | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial for energy-related applications and are expected to play an increasingly important role in emerging technologies. However, these elements have very similar chemical properties and naturally coexist as complex mixtures in both traditional and unconventional feedstocks, making their separation challenging. Researchers in the Non-Equilibrium Transport Driven Separations (NETS) initiative used standard low-cost permanent magnets to induce a magnetic field gradient in solutions containing REEs. They found that these permanent magnets create local magnetic fields strong enough to lead to regions enriched in REE ions, with concentration increases of up to three to four times the concentration of the starting solution. Directly observing magnetic field–driven ion enrichment in real time, without intrusive probes that disturb the system, has long been a challenge. The development of a new high-throughput Mach–Zehnder interferometry imaging capability has now enabled visualization of these dynamics as they unfold.

New process for stable, long-lasting all-solid-state batteries

An innovative manufacturing process paves the way for the battery of the future: In their latest study PSI researchers demonstrate a cost-effective and efficient way to produce all-solid-state batteries with a long lifespan. The image shows a test cell used to fabricate and test the all-solid-state battery developed at PSI.
Photo Credit: © Paul Scherrer Institute PSI/Mahir Dzambegovic

Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI have achieved a breakthrough on the path to practical application of lithium metal all-solid-state batteries – the next generation of batteries that can store more energy, are safer to operate, and charge faster than conventional lithium-ion batteries. 

All-solid-state batteries are considered a promising solution for electromobility, mobile electronics, and stationary energy storage – in part because they do not require flammable liquid electrolytes and therefore are inherently safer than conventional lithium-ion batteries. 

Two key problems, however, stand in the way of market readiness: On the one hand, the formation of lithium dendrites at the anode remains a critical point. These are tiny, needle-like metal structures that can penetrate the solid electrolyte conducting lithium ions between the electrodes, propagate toward the cathode, and ultimately cause internal short circuits. On the other hand, an electrochemical instability – at the interface between the lithium metal anode and the solid electrolyte – can impair the battery’s long-term performance and reliability. 

Scientists discover key to solving an 80-year-old chemistry puzzle

Scientists have discovered a new way of making specific versions of asymmetrical chemicals.
Photo Credit: Michal Jarmoluk

New research from the University of Bath and the University of St Andrews, published in Nature Chemistry, has discovered the key to unlocking an 80-year-old chemical puzzle, which could have important ramifications for fine chemical processes like those involved in the manufacture of medicines. 

Chiral molecules are asymmetric or non-superimposable on their mirror image – each side is different, existing in “right hand” and “left hand” forms. Often only one of these “handed” forms has the desired chemical or biological activity, while the other may have unwanted side effects. 

Using a combination of lab experiments and quantum chemistry calculations, researchers have now discovered a new way to control the handedness of a notoriously difficult chemical process, known as the ‘[1,2]-Wittig rearrangement’ that will impact on how scientists design selective chemical reactions. 

How a persistent chemical enters our surface waters

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / stock image

PFAS, short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are not called “forever chemicals” for nothing. These fluorine-containing organic molecules are difficult to break down and are likely to remain in the environment for decades or even centuries, where they can accumulate in humans and animals and may have harmful effects on health. This is a compelling reason to take precautionary measures. 

The PFAS class of substances comprises thousands of chemical compounds. Not all of them have been thoroughly studied. The release, spread, accumulation, and effects of numerous PFAS are the subject of ongoing research. Among other things, researchers are focusing on TFA, short for trifluoroacetic acid. The smallest molecule in the PFAS family is formed as a degradation product of various other substances, such as many fluorinated refrigerants and propellants. Once formed, TFA is hardly degraded in the environment. “TFA formed in the atmosphere quickly enters precipitation, and from there it travels into surface waters and then into groundwater,” says Empa researcher Stefan Reimann from the Air Pollutants / Environmental Technology laboratory. 

A New Kind of Copper from the Research Reactor

In front of the nuclear reactor at TU Wien
Photo Credit: © TU Wien

The copper isotope Cu-64 plays an important role in medicine: it is used in imaging processes and also shows potential for cancer therapy. However, it does not occur naturally and must be produced artificially — a complex and costly process. Until now, Cu-64 has been generated by bombarding nickel atoms with protons. When a nickel nucleus absorbs a proton, it is transformed into copper. At TU Wien, however, a different pathway has now been demonstrated: Cu-63 can be converted into Cu-64 by neutron irradiation in a research reactor. This works thanks to a special trick — so-called “recoil chemistry.” 

Two-step flash Joule heating method recovers lithium‑ion battery materials quickly and cleanly

(From left) Shichen Xu, James Tour, Alex Lathem, Karla Silva and Ralph Abdel Nour.
Photo Credit: Jared Jones/Rice University

A research team at Rice University led by James Tour has developed a two-step flash Joule heating-chlorination and oxidation (FJH-ClO) process that rapidly separates lithium and transition metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. The method provides an acid-free, energy-saving alternative to conventional recycling techniques, a breakthrough that aligns with the surging global demand for batteries used in electric vehicles and portable electronics.

Published in Advanced Materials, this research could transform the recovery of critical battery materials. Traditional recycling methods are often energy intensive, generate wastewater and frequently require harsh chemicals. In contrast, the FJH-ClO process achieves high yields and purity of lithium, cobalt and graphite while reducing energy consumption, chemical usage and costs.

“We designed the FJH-ClO process to challenge the notion that battery recycling must rely on acid leaching,” said Tour, the T.T. and W.F. Chao Professor of Chemistry and professor of materials science and nanoengineering. “FJH-ClO is a fast, precise way to extract valuable materials without damaging them or harming the environment.”

Chemistry: In-Depth Description

Photo Credit: Artem Podrez

Chemistry is the scientific discipline dedicated to the study of matter—its composition, properties, structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions, as well as the energy that is released or absorbed during these processes. The primary goal of chemistry is to understand the behavior of matter at the atomic and molecular level and to use this understanding to discover, create, and manipulate new substances and processes.