Smart birds think smart and economical

Birds need significantly less energy for their brains than mammals.
Credit: RUB, Marquard

Bird brain cells only need about a third of the energy mammals have to use to supply their brains. "This partly explains how birds manage to be so smart, even though their brains are so much smaller than that of mammals," says Prof. Dr. Onur Güntürkun, head of the biopsychology unit at the Ruhr University Bochum. Together with colleagues from Cologne, Jülich and Düsseldorf, his research team examined the energy consumption of the brains of pigeons using imaging methods. The researchers report in the Current Biology journal dated 8. September 2022.

Why it can take in a crow with a chimpanzee

Our brain only makes up about two percent of our body weight, but consumes about 20 to 25 percent of body energy. "The brain is by far the most energetically expensive organ in our body, and we could only afford it in the course of evolution by successfully learning to supply a lot of energy," explains Güntürkun. The brains of birds are much smaller in comparison. Nevertheless, birds are just as smart as many mammals: crows and parrots, for example, whose brains only weigh about 10 to 20 grams, can cognitively absorb a chimpanzee whose brain weighs 400 grams.

How can that be? A study in 2016 brought light into the dark: It showed that birds per volume of brain mass have two to three times as many nerve cells as mammals. So, your brains are packed much denser. In addition, their cranial nerve cells are smaller. “But the question still arises: How can such a small animal afford so many nerve cells??“Says Onur Güntürkun.

Study unearths ancient reef structure high and dry on the Nullarbor Plain

A satellite image of the ring-shaped structure on the Nullarbor Plain.
Source: Curtin University

Curtin researchers and international collaborators using advanced satellite imagery have discovered an ancient reef-like landform ‘hidden’ in plain view on the Nullarbor Plain, which has been preserved for millions of years since it first formed when the Plain was underwater.

Research author Dr Milo Barham, from the Timescales of Mineral Systems Group within Curtin’s School of Earth and Planetary Sciences said the finding further challenged the understanding that the Nullarbor Plain, which emerged from the ocean about 14 million years ago, was essentially flat and featureless.

“Unlike many parts of the world, large areas of the Nullarbor Plain have remained largely unchanged by weathering and erosion processes over millions of years, making it a unique geological canvas recording ancient history in remarkable ways,” Dr Barham said.

“Through high-resolution satellite imagery and fieldwork, we have identified the clear remnant of an original sea-bed structure preserved for millions of years, which is the first of this kind of landform discovered on the Nullarbor Plain.

Risk of multiple climate tipping points escalates above 1.5°C global warming

 The location of climate tipping elements in the cryosphere (blue), biosphere (green) and ocean/atmosphere (orange), and global warming levels their tipping points will likely be triggered at. Pins are colored according to our central global warming threshold estimate being below 2°C, i.e. within the Paris Agreement range (red, circles); between 2 and 4°C, i.e. accessible with current policies (pink, diamonds); and 4°C and above (purple, triangles).
Credit: Designed by Globaia for the Earth Commission, PIK, SRC and Exeter University

Multiple climate tipping points could be triggered if global temperature rises beyond 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, according to a major new analysis published in the journal Science. Even at current levels of global heating the world is already at risk of passing five dangerous climate tipping points, and risks increase with each tenth of a degree of further warming.

An international research team synthesized evidence for tipping points, their temperature thresholds, timescales, and impacts from a comprehensive review of over 200 papers published since 2008, when climate tipping points were first rigorously defined. They have increased the list of potential tipping points from nine to sixteen.

The research, published in advance of a major conference “Tipping Points: from climate crisis to positive transformation” at the University of Exeter (12-14th September), concludes human emissions have already pushed Earth into the tipping points danger zone. Five of the sixteen may be triggered at today’s temperatures: the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, widespread abrupt permafrost thaw, collapse of convection in the Labrador Sea, and massive die-off of tropical coral reefs. Four of these move from possible events to likely at 1.5°C global warming, with five more becoming possible around this level of heating.

Chlamydia’s Stealthy Cloaking Device Identified

Left: Chlamydia (green) surrounded by the GarD protein (red) that cloaks it from detection. Right: Chlamydia with GarD knocked out (green) enveloped by antimicrobial ubiquitin proteins (yellow) and RNF213 (magenta).
Credit: Stephen C. Walsh, Duke University

Chlamydia, the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infections, evades detection and elimination inside human cells by use of a cloaking device. But Duke University researchers have grasped the hem of that invisibility cloak and now hope they can pull it apart.

To enter the cell and peacefully reproduce, many pathogenic bacteria, including Chlamydia, cloak themselves in a piece of the cell’s membrane, forming an intracellular free-floating bubble called a vacuole or, in the case of Chlamydia, an inclusion. Chlamydia's cloak appears to be especially effective at evading the cell’s built-in immunity, allowing the infection to last for months.

A Duke team led by graduate student Stephen Walsh and Jörn Coers, PhD, an associate professor of molecular genetics and microbiology in the Duke School of Medicine, wanted to know how the cloaking worked.

“We knew there was the potential to kill Chlamydia, but when we did experiments with the human-adapted form, Chlamydia trachomatis, it was very good at growing in human cell cultures,” Coers said. Even after the scientists used an immune stimulant to alert the cell’s defense systems of the presence of Chlamydia, nothing happened. “We said, there’s the pathogen. Our defense system should see it. Why does it not see it?”

New study finds subtle structural brain alterations in youth with suicidal behaviors

ENGIMA-STB aims to identify neurobiological variations associated with suicidal ideations and behaviors, to ultimately leverage information from brain structure, function, along with clinical and demographic factors, to predict the likelihood of a future suicidal attempt.
Image credit: USC Stevens INI

The ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors (ENIGMA-STB) consortium gathered and analyzed neuroimaging data from 18 different studies worldwide to examine associations between brain structure and suicide attempt in young people with major depressive disorder.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the United States for young people from the age of 10 up to 33. Tragically, the number of suicide attempts among children and adolescents has continued to increase despite national and international prevention efforts. Collaborative research where specialists all over the world work together is needed to advance our understanding of the complex nature of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and ultimately, to develop better interventions and preventions.

A new study by a global team of researchers including Neda Jahanshad, PhD, of the Keck School of Medicine of USC’s Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (Stevens INI), has revealed subtle alterations in the size of the brain’s prefrontal region in young people with mood disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The study was recently published in Molecular Psychiatry.

New Advances in Stem-Cell Derived Mouse Embryo Model

A day 8 stem cell-derived mouse embryo with developing brain and heart regions
Credit: Kasey Lau for the Zernicka-Goetz laboratory

Just two weeks after announcing the development of a mouse embryo model, complete with beating hearts and the foundations for a brain and other organs, from mouse stem cells, researchers in the laboratory of Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz, Bren Professor of Biology and Biological Engineering, have published new findings about another mouse embryo model reaching similar developmental stages, but created out of only mouse embryonic stem cells. This modification has simplified the protocol and makes the embryo model easier to be adopted in other laboratories.

The new study appears in the journal Cell Stem Cell on September 8. The research was led by graduate students Kasey Lau and Hernan Rubinstein of the University of Cambridge and the Weizmann Institute of Science, respectively.

"This discovery opens up new avenues for understanding why the great majority of human pregnancies are lost and to create knowledge that will prevent this from happening," says Zernicka-Goetz, who is also a professor of mammalian development and stem cell biology at Cambridge University in the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience. "This knowledge will also let us, with time, repair tissues and organs much more effectively than we can do now."

SARS-CoV-2 protein caught severing critical immunity pathway

This image shows how SARS-CoV-2 Mpro recognizes and cuts NEMO based on the crystal structure determined using a powerful X-ray beam at SSRL Beam Line 12-2.
Credit: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Over the past two years, scientists have studied the SARS-CoV-2 virus in great detail, laying the foundation for developing COVID-19 vaccines and antiviral treatments. Now, for the first time, scientists at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have seen one of the virus’s most critical interactions, which could help researchers develop more precise treatments.

The team caught the moment when a virus protein, called Mpro, cuts a protective protein, known as NEMO, in an infected person. Without NEMO, an immune system is slower to respond to increasing viral loads or new infections. Seeing how Mpro attacks NEMO at the molecular level could inspire new therapeutic approaches.

To see how Mpro cuts NEMO, researchers funneled powerful X-rays from SLAC’s Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) onto crystallized samples of the protein complex. The X-rays struck the protein samples, revealing what Mpro looks like when it dismantles NEMO’s primary function of helping our immune system communicate.

“We saw that the virus protein cuts through NEMO as easily as sharp scissors through thin paper,” said co-senior author Soichi Wakatsuki, professor at SLAC and Stanford. “Imagine the bad things that happen when good proteins in our bodies start getting cut into pieces.”

The images from SSRL show the exact location of NEMO’s cut and provide the first structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro bound to a human protein.

A bio-based solvent for paints and varnishes

In this apparatus, the production of the new solvent dimethylfuran is being tested on a small scale at the RUB.
Credit: Mareile Silvia Rohlf

So far, only a small part of the established solvents has been bio-based. The project team wants to change that - rethinking the entire process chain from start to finish.

Around 20 million tons of solvents are consumed worldwide every year, of which only a small part has been produced bio-based to date. An international project team wants to provide an alternative to established solvents with dimethylfuran. The substance is bio-based and biodegradable. The Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial and Bioprocess Engineering IGB in Straubing and the industrial partner AURO Plant Chemistry AG are cooperating for the project. The German Research Foundation is funding the project from October 2022 to September 2025 with 214,200 euros.

The starting point for the work is the substance 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which can be obtained from biomass and converted into dimethylfuran (DMF). Researchers at RUB around Prof. Dr. Martin Muhler and Dr. Baoxiang Peng from the Chair of Technical Chemistry has already been established in a previous project. In the current research project, they want to optimize the catalyst and the reaction conditions in order to lay the foundation for an industrial production of DMF. The IGB team around Dr. Harald Strittmatter and Ferdinand Vogelgsang from the innovation fields "Bioinspired Chemistry" and "Sustainable Catalytic Processes" will scale up the catalytic reaction to a 40-fold larger scale. Together with the industrial partner AURO, the scientists will finally provide ready-made recipes for the use of DMF as a solvent and test them in the production of natural colors.

Propelling wind energy innovation

Sandia National Laboartories’ Twistact technology proves beneficial in lowering costs, improving sustainability and reducing maintenance for next-generation direct-drive wind turbines.
Photo credit: Zhang Fengsheng

Motivated by the need to eliminate expensive rare-earth magnets in utility-scale direct-drive wind turbines, Sandia National Laboratories researchers developed a fundamentally new type of rotary electrical contact. Sandia is now ready to partner with the renewable energy industry to develop the next generation of direct-drive wind turbines.

Sandia’s Twistact technology takes a novel approach to transmitting electrical current between a stationary and rotating frame, or between two rotating assemblies having different speeds or rotational direction, ideal for application in wind turbines.

“Twistact originated by asking ourselves some really challenging questions,” said Jeff Koplow, Sandia research scientist and engineer. “We knew it could be game-changing if we could find a way to get around the limited-service lifetime of conventional rotary electrical contacts.”

“I started thinking that maybe not every conceivable rotary electrical contact architecture has been thought of yet,” Koplow said. “We spent a lot of time considering if there was another plausible way.”

The resulting innovation, Twistact, uses a pure-rolling-contact device to transmit electrical current along an ultra-low-resistance path. The technology proves beneficial in lowering costs, improving

New knowledge about the link between infection during pregnancy and autism

Credit: Mart Production

Infections in pregnant women have been linked to increased risk of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as autism, in the child later in life. But it does not appear to be the infections themselves that cause autism, researchers from Karolinska Institutet show in a study published in The Lancet Psychiatry.

Our results can reassure future parents by showing that infections during pregnancy may not pose as much risk to the child's brain as previously thought, say Håkan Karlsson, researchers at Department of Neuroscience at Karolinska Institutet and the study's last author.

Previous studies have shown a link between infections of the future mother during pregnancy and increased risk of autism and intellectual disability in the child later in life.

But they have not been able to say whether it is really the infection of the mother that is the cause, or whether other factors are behind it. Researchers from Karolinska Institutet have now studied this more closely.