Researchers successfully prevent peanut allergic reactions in mice, blocking onset in its tracks

Basar Bilgicer, Associate Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Photo Credit: Courtesy of University of Notre Dame

An allergen-specific inhibitor devised by researchers at the University of Notre Dame and the Indiana University School of Medicine has successfully prevented potentially life-threatening allergic responses to peanuts.

The results of the new study were just published in Science Translational Medicine.

Peanuts cause severe, sometimes fatal, reactions in an estimated 1.1 percent of the global population. Strict dietary avoidance is the most common therapy for peanut allergies, but the risk of accidental exposure is high. There currently are no therapies to prevent allergic events from happening in the first place.

"Our approach is unique because our inhibitor starts working before the allergen has a chance to trigger an allergic reaction," said Başar Bilgiçer, professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the University of Notre Dame. “Our collaboration with Dr. Mark Kaplan at Indiana University School of Medicine and Dr. Scott Smith at Vanderbilt University Medical Center made the development of these inhibitors possible. With their help, we were able to demonstrate the potency of our approach in animal studies.”

Pharmacy Researchers Develop Treatment for Glioblastoma

Dr. Shipra Malik, left, and associate professor of pharmaceutics Dr. Raman Bahal pose for a photo in a lab inside the Pharmacy/Biology Building on Jan. 20, 2023.
Photo Credit: Sydney Herdle/UConn Photo

A team of researchers, including those at the University of Connecticut, has developed a nanoparticle-based treatment that targets multiple culprits in glioblastoma, a particularly aggressive and deadly form of brain cancer.

The results, a collaboration between UConn and Yale University, were published today in Science Advances.

The new treatment uses bioadhesive nanoparticles that adhere to the site of the tumor and then slowly release the synthesized peptide nucleic acids that they’re carrying. These peptide nucleic acids target certain microRNAs – that is, short strands of RNA that play a role in gene expression. Specifically, they’re directed at a type of overexpressed microRNA known as “oncomiRs” that lead to the proliferation of cancer cells and growth of the tumor.  When the peptide nucleic acids attach to the oncomiRs, they stop their tumor-promoting activity.

‘Game-changing’ findings for sustainable hydrogen production

Illustration Credit: Courtesy of University of Surrey

Hydrogen fuel could be a more viable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, according to University of Surrey researchers who have found that a type of metal-free catalysts could contribute to the development of cost-effective and sustainable hydrogen production technologies. 

The study has shown promising results for the use of edge-decorated nano carbons as metal-free catalysts for the direct conversion of methane, which is also a powerful greenhouse gas, into hydrogen. Among the nano carbons investigated, nitrogen-doped nano carbons presented the highest level of performance for hydrogen production at high temperatures. 

Crucially, the researchers also found that the nitrogen-doped and phosphorous-doped nano carbons had strong resistance to carbon poisoning, which is a common issue with catalysts in this process. 

Study finds much still not known about cognitive decline

Why do some elderly people keep their cognitive ability much longer than others? Scientists still have much to learn.
Photo Credit: Alexandra Lowenthal

The risk factors linked to cognitive decline in older adults explain a surprisingly modest amount about the large variation in mental abilities between older people, according to a new national study.

Researchers found that the factors most commonly associated with cognitive functioning – including socioeconomic status, education and race – explained only 38% of the variation in functioning among Americans at age 54.

Health behaviors such as avoiding obesity and smoking and participating in vigorous exercise had only very small effects on functioning by the time people reached their mid-50s.

In addition, the factors studied explained only 5.6% of the variation in how quickly cognitive functioning declined in people between age 54 and 85.

Protein droplets may cause many types of genetic disease

Close-ups of cell nuclei in a human cell culture: HMGB1 protein (green) is usually found throughout the nucleus (dotted line). Mutant HMGB1, shown on the right, preferentially localizes at the nucleolus (marked in magenta) and forms a solidified layer over it, which causes disease.
Image Credit: MPIMG/ Henri Niskanen

Malfunction of cellular condensates is a disease mechanism relevant for congenital malformations, common diseases, and cancer

Most proteins localize to distinct protein-rich droplets in cells, also known as “cellular condensates”. Such proteins contain sequence features that function as address labels, telling the protein which condensate to move into. When the labels get screwed up, proteins may end up in the wrong condensate. According to an international team of researchers from clinical medicine and basic biology, this could be the cause of many unresolved diseases.

Patients with BPTA syndrome have characteristically malformed limbs featuring short fingers and additional toes, missing tibia bones in their legs and reduced brain size. As the researchers found out, BPTAS is caused by a special genetic change that causes an essential protein to migrate to the nucleolus, a large proteinaceous droplet in the cell nucleus. As a result, the function of the nucleolar condensate is inhibited and developmental disease develops.

Scientists discover toughest known material at ultra-cold temperatures

Microstructure and fractography of the CrCoNi-based alloys
Image Credit: Dr Dong Liu

Researchers at the University of Bristol have discovered an alloy that shows increased strength at over -250°C, making it the toughest material on record.

The findings, published in Science, show that chromium-cobalt-nickel alloy displays a high fracture toughness in cryogenic temperatures paving the way for its use in extreme environments on Earth and in space.

The behavior of this particular combination of metals is caused by a phase transformation that, when combined with other nano-scale mechanisms, prevents crack formation and propagation.

Lead author Dr Dong Liu of Bristol’s School of Physics, explained: “This is very interesting because most alloys become more brittle with a decrease in temperature. I reference the sinking of liberty ships in WWII and Titanic which were due to the metals losing its ductility at low temperatures.”

“People often mix the concept of strength and toughness. If you Google, ‘what is the toughest materials on earth?’ ‘Diamond’ will jump out on the top line. Diamond is the hardest known material to date, but hardness is usually related to strength of a material - diamond is indeed very hard and strong but it is not tough.”

Mapping How Singlet Oxygen Molecules Travel Along DNA Strands

A recent study has unveiled with unprecedented detail how singlet oxygen molecules diffuse along double strand DNAs, paving the way to more effective nucleic acid-targeting photodynamic therapy (PDT). A research team at Tokyo Tech used a novel photosensitizer and custom-made DNA sequences to shed light on the optimal position to anchor the photosensitizer to achieve the best oxidizing effect. This could help make this type of PDT more lethal to cancer cells.

Nucleic acid-targeting photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising type of targeted therapy that is being actively researched. This treatment relies on special photosensitizers, a type of drug that binds at specific locations in a cell's DNA. Once bound, the cells are irradiated at a precise frequency, which in turn causes the photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) or singlet oxygen (1O2) molecules. These molecules tend to oxidize nearby nucleic acids, damaging the genetic material and ultimately killing the irradiated cell.

Although the overall process may sound straightforward, there are still many hurdles to overcome before this type of PDT is good enough for clinical practice. One of them is that even though type II oxidation (the one caused by 1O2) has certain advantages over type I oxidation (the one caused by ROS), there is very little information on how far 1O2 molecules can reach once generated. Because of this knowledge gap, it is difficult to decide which location in the DNA should be targeted to achieve the best effect.

New immunotherapy can be effective for ovarian cancer

Patients with ovarian cancer usually have a poor prognosis.
Photo Credit: National Cancer Institute

A certain type of immunotherapy in which the body's T cells are programmed to attack cancer cells, called CAR-T cell therapy, is effective in ovarian cancer mice. It shows a study published in The Journal for Immuno Therapy of Cancer by researchers from Karolinska Institutet who hope the findings pave the way for a clinical trial to see how effective the treatment is for women with the disease.

This treatment exists today for patients with blood cancer and we now want to investigate whether we can use the method to treat ovarian cancer. Despite many improvements in treatment, women with ovarian cancer have continued to have a poor prognosis, says Isabelle Magalhaes, associate professor at Department of Oncology-Pathology at Karolinska Institutet and shared the last author of the study. 

St. Jude scientists create more efficient CAR immunotherapies using a molecular anchor

Senior author Stephen Gottschalk, M.D., (left) and corresponding author Peter Chockley, Ph.D., (right) both of the St. Jude Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

Scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital added a molecular anchor to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), increasing the anti-cancer activity of cellular immunotherapies in cancer models.

Adding a molecular anchor to the key protein that recognizes cancer in cellular immunotherapies can make treatments significantly more effective. Scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital found that immune cells with the anchored protein increased cancer killing, regardless of the cancer’s cell type or the form of cancer targeted. The molecular anchor concept is a new design for improving chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based-immunotherapies. CARs have shown some promise in the clinic but have yet to deliver widespread success across tumor types. The findings were published in Nature Biotechnology.

Menindee Lakes water savings project: study shows poor government consultation and decision-making

The Darling River flows from north to south, with water overflowing into the Menindee Lakes, including Lake Menindee (top right) and Lake Cawndilla (top middle), both forming important wetlands within Kinchega National Park.
Photo Credit: Richard Kingsford

A controversial project in the Murray-Darling Basin was ‘misguided and poorly framed’, UNSW scientists say.

A study led by researchers at the Centre for Ecosystem Science at UNSW Sydney has examined a large water-savings project at Menindee Lakes in News South Wales.

The Menindee Lakes are part of the Murray-Darling Basin – the largest basin in Australia, spanning one-seventh of the continent. 2.2 million people live across its area, and its surface water supplies about 40 per cent of Australia’s irrigated agricultural output.

“The Menindee Lakes project is among the key mechanisms devised by governments to deliver on the Murray-Darling Basin Plan – a major inter-government initiative to provide water for rivers and wetlands in the basin,” said UNSW Professor Richard Kingsford, Director of the Centre for Ecosystem Science and co-author of the study.

The $151.8 million project’s goal is to save water for the Basin Plan by implementing infrastructure measures and rule changes to reduce water lost to evaporation from Menindee Lakes.