Cause of leukemia in trisomy 21

Bone marrow smear from a child with Down syndrome who suffers from leukemia. The purple-colored leukemic blasts displace normal blood formation.
Photo Credit: Jan Klusmann, University Hospital Frankfurt

People with a third copy of chromosome 21, known as trisomy 21, are at high risk of developing Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), an aggressive form of blood cancer. Scientists led by the Department of Pediatrics at University Hospital Frankfurt have now identified the cause: although the additional chromosome 21 leads to increased gene dosage of many genes, it is above all the perturbation of the RUNX1 gene – a gene that regulates many other genes – that seems to be responsible for AML pathogenesis. Targeting the perturbed regulator could pave the way for new therapies. 

Leukemia (blood cancer) is a group of malignant and aggressive diseases of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. Very intensive chemotherapy and in some cases a bone marrow transplant are the only cure. Like all cancers, leukemia is caused by changes in the DNA, the heredity material present in human cells in the form of 46 chromosomes. In many forms of leukemia, large parts of these chromosomes are altered. People with Down syndrome, who have three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), are highly vulnerable: the risk of developing aggressive Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in the first four years of their life is more than 100 times greater for children with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is the most common congenital genetic disorder, affecting about one in 700 newborn babies. 

Delaying treatment for localized prostate cancer does not increase mortality risk, trial shows

Photo Credit: Max

Active monitoring of prostate cancer has the same high survival rates after 15 years as radiotherapy or surgery, reports the largest study of its kind today. The latest findings from the ProtecT trial, led by the Universities of Oxford and Bristol, are presented today at the European Association of Urology (EAU) Congress in Milan and published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Although men on active monitoring – which involves regular tests to check on the cancer – were more likely to see it progress or spread than those receiving radiotherapy or surgery, this didn’t reduce their likelihood of survival.

The trial also found that the negative impacts of radiotherapy and surgery on urinary and sexual function persist much longer than previously thought – for up to 12 years.

The findings show that treatment decisions following diagnosis for low and intermediate risk localized prostate cancer do not need to be rushed, according to lead investigator, Professor Freddie Hamdy from the University of Oxford.

Revolutionary new bone cancer drug could save children's lives

Osteosarcoma, Bone Cancer Cell
Cancer that starts in the bones, rather than cancer that has spread to the bone, predominantly affects children and young adults
Image Credit: National Cancer Institute

A new drug that works against the main types of primary bone cancer has been developed by researchers at the University of East Anglia and University of Sheffield.

Cancer that starts in the bones, rather than cancer that has spread to bone, predominantly affects children and young adults.      

Current treatment is brutal, with outdated chemotherapy cocktails and limb amputation leading to life-long disabilities.

Even after these grueling treatments, the five-year survival rate is still poor at just 42 per cent – largely because of how rapidly bone cancer spreads to the lungs. These rates haven’t changed in nearly half a century.

But a new study published in the Journal of Bone Oncology shows how a new drug called ‘CADD522’ blocks a gene associated with driving the cancer’s spread, in mice implanted with human bone cancer.

A pool at Yellowstone is a thumping thermometer

The interval of thumps at Doublet Pool offers insight into the fluctuations of energy in the Yellowstone hydrothermal system.
Photo Credit: Jacob W. Frank / U.S. National Park Service

While the crowds swarm around Old Faithful to wait for its next eruption, a little pool just north of Yellowstone National Park’s most famous geyser is quietly showing off its own unique activity, also at more-or-less regular showtimes. Instead of erupting in a towering geyser, though, Doublet Pool cranks up the bass every 20 to 30 minutes by thumping. The water vibrates and the ground shakes.

Doublet Pool’s regular thumping is more than just an interesting tourist attraction. A new study led by University of Utah researchers shows that the interval between episodes of thumping reflects the amount of energy heating the pool at the bottom, as well as in indication of how much heat is being lost through the surface. Doublet Pool, the authors found, is Yellowstone’s thumping thermometer.

“By studying Doublet Pool, we are hoping to gain knowledge on the dynamic hydrothermal processes that can potentially be applied to understand what controls geyser eruptions,” said Fan-Chi Lin, an associate professor in the department of geology and geophysics at the U and a study co-author, “and also less predictable and more hazardous hydrothermal explosions.”

The study is published in Geophysical Research Letters.

New Tool for Understanding Disease

Lina Pradham (left), a post-doctoral researcher in the Kloxin Group points out dormant breast cancer cells in 3D cultures imaged using confocal microscopy to UD engineer April Kloxin, Thomas and Kipp Gutshall Development Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. In the image, the dormant cells (shown in green) are viable, not proliferating, and remain capable of proliferating upon stimulation.
Photo Credit: Evan Krape / University of Delaware

UD model illuminates environmental cues that may contribute to breast cancer recurrence

Nearly 270,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. 

According to the Susan G. Komen Foundation, about 70-80% of these individuals experience estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, where cancer cells need estrogen to grow. In terms of treatment, this presence of hormone receptors provides a nice handle for targeting tumors, say with therapies that knock out the tumor cell’s ability to bind to estrogen and prevent remaining breast cancer cells from growing.

However, even if treated successfully, on average, one in five individuals with ER+ breast cancer experiences a late recurrence when dormant tumor cells in distant parts of the body, such as the bone marrow, reactivate anywhere from 5 to over 20 years after initial treatment.

Discovery of T cells’ role in Alzheimer’s, related diseases, suggests new treatment strategy

In Alzheimer’s and related neurodegenerative diseases, the brain protein tau is closely linked to brain damage and cognitive decline. A new study from researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis indicates that T cells play a key role in tau-related neurodegeneration, a finding that suggests new treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s and related diseases.
Illustration Credit: Gerd Altmann

Nearly two dozen experimental therapies targeting the immune system are in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease, a reflection of the growing recognition that immune processes play a key role in driving the brain damage that leads to confusion, memory loss and other debilitating symptoms.

Many of the immunity-focused Alzheimer’s drugs under development are aimed at microglia, the brain’s resident immune cells, which can injure brain tissue if they’re activated at the wrong time or in the wrong way. A new study from researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis indicates that microglia partner with another type of immune cell — T cells — to cause neurodegeneration.

Studying mice with Alzheimer’s-like damage in their brains due to the protein tau, the researchers discovered that microglia attract powerful cell-killing T cells into the brain, and that most of the neurodegeneration could be avoided by blocking the T cells’ entry or activation. The findings, published March 8 in the journal Nature, suggest that targeting T cells is an alternative route to preventing neurodegeneration and treating Alzheimer’s disease and related diseases involving tau, collectively known as tauopathies.

Berkeley researchers present plan for freshwater conservation

Study authors say freshwater conservation priorities should include connectivity, watershed disturbance, flow alteration, water quality, and biodiversity.
(A) Briones Dam reduces connectivity in Bear Creek, California.
(B) Wildfire in Hopland, California, creates widespread watershed disturbance.
(C) poor water quality in Porter Creek, California, kills fish and reduces recreational opportunities.
(D) freshwater ecosystems support biodiversity in Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Photo Credits: (A) L Andrews, (B) P Parker Shames, (C) G Rossi, (D) J Shames

The 30x30 initiative is a global effort to set aside 30% of land and sea area for conservation by 2030, a move scientists hope will reverse biodiversity loss and mitigate the effects of climate change. Now adopted by state and national governments around the world, 30x30 creates an unprecedented opportunity to advance global conservation.

When it comes to the water side of 30x30, most programs focus primarily on conservation of oceans, but a new study by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley argues that freshwater ecosystems must not be neglected. Published today in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, the paper urges policy makers to explicitly include freshwater ecosystems like rivers, lakes, and wetlands in 30x30 plans, and outlines how their conservation will be critical to achieving the initiative’s broader goals. 

New kind of transistor could shrink communications devices on smartphones

Electrical & Computer Engineering research scientist Ding Wang and graduate student Minming He from Prof. Zetian Mi’s group, University of Michigan, are working on the epitaxy and fabrication of high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) based on a new nitride material, ScAlN, which has been demonstrated recently as a promising high-k and ferroelectric gate dielectric that can foster new functionalities and boost device performances.”
Photo Credit: Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, Michigan Engineering

Integrating a new ferroelectric semiconductor, it paves the way for single amplifiers that can do the work of multiple conventional amplifiers, among other possibilities

One month after announcing a ferroelectric semiconductor at the nanoscale thinness required for modern computing components, a team at the University of Michigan has demonstrated a reconfigurable transistor using that material.

The study is a featured article in Applied Physics Letters.

“By realizing this new type of transistor, it opens up the possibility for integrating multifunctional devices, such as reconfigurable transistors, filters and resonators, on the same platform—all while operating at very high frequency and high power,” said Zetian Mi, U-M professor of electrical and computer engineering who led the research, “That’s a game changer for many applications.”

Astronomers find missing link for water in the Solar System

This artist’s impression shows the planet-forming disc around the star V883 Orionis. In the outermost part of the disc water is frozen out as ice and therefore can’t be easily detected. An outburst of energy from the star heats the inner disc to a temperature where water is gaseous, enabling astronomers to detect it. 
Illustration Credit: ESO/L. Calçada

Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), astronomers have detected gaseous water in the planet-forming disc around the star V883 Orionis. This water carries a chemical signature that explains the journey of water from star-forming gas clouds to planets, and supports the idea that water on Earth is even older than our Sun.

“We can now trace the origins of water in our Solar System to before the formation of the Sun,” says John J. Tobin, an astronomer at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, USA and lead author of the study published today in Nature. 

This discovery was made by studying the composition of water in V883 Orionis, a planet-forming disc about 1300 light-years away from Earth. When a cloud of gas and dust collapses it forms a star at its center. Around the star, material from the cloud also forms a disc. Over the course of a few million years, the matter in the disc clumps together to form comets, asteroids, and eventually planets. Tobin and his team used ALMA, in which the European Southern Observatory (ESO) is a partner, to measure chemical signatures of the water and its path from the star-forming cloud to planets.

Grassroots data is vital for reducing deadly bird-window strikes

FLAP holds an annual event at which all collision casualties from the past year are placed together.
Photo Credit: Nancy Barrett

Citizen science has enabled much of the progress in understanding the scope of bird deaths from building and window collisions, according to a new study, but these grassroots efforts need better funding and more buy-in from government and industry.

These conclusions stem from research by authors at 22 universities, non-governmental organizations, government agencies and conservation organizations. Their study, “Citizen Science to Address the Global Issue of Bird-Window Collisions,” published March 7 in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. As examples, the study highlights the Lights Out Texas program in the United States, the China Anti-Bird Window Collision Action Alliance and the Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) in Canada. FLAP Canada has been at the forefront of this issue for 25 years and is the template for many of the newer collision prevention efforts.

“During the last five to 10 years there’s been a groundswell of public, conservation and scientific attention to bird-window collisions,” said lead author Scott Loss at Oklahoma State University. “Citizen scientists are leading the way, growing awareness of this major threat to birds, and advocating for bird-friendly buildings and policies. There’s tremendous potential for these projects to do more but they need support, and more conservation organizations need to make collision reduction a key part of their objectives. Conservation funding is always a challenge and perhaps especially so with this often-overlooked global issue.”