MethaneMapper is poised to solve the problem of underreported methane emissions

A central difficulty in controlling greenhouse gas emissions to slow down climate change is finding them in the first place.

Such is the case with methane, a colorless, odorless gas that is the second most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere today, after carbon dioxide. Although it has a shorter life than carbon dioxide, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, it’s more than 25 times as potent as CO2 at trapping heat, and is estimated to trap 80 times more heat in the atmosphere than CO2 over 20 years.

 For that reason, curbing methane has become a priority, said UC Santa Barbara researcher Satish Kumar, a doctoral student in the Vision Research Lab of computer scientist B.S. Manjunath.

“Recently, at the 2022 International Climate Summit, methane was actually the highlight because everybody is struggling with it,” he said.

Even with reporting requirements in the U.S., methane’s invisibility means that its emissions are likely going underreported. In some cases, the discrepancies are vast, such as with the Permian Basin, an 86,000-square-mile oil and natural gas extraction field located in Texas and New Mexico that hosts tens of thousands of wells. Independent methane monitoring of the area has revealed that the site emits eight to 10 times more methane than reported by the field’s operators.

Greenhouse gas emissions at ‘an all-time high’, warn scientists

Photo Credit: Chris LeBoutillier

Human-caused global warming has continued to increase at an “unprecedented rate” since the last major assessment of the climate system published two years ago, say 50 leading scientists.

The research, published in the journal Earth System Science Data, found that human-induced warming averaged 1.14°C over the last decade and a record level of greenhouse gases is being emitted each year, equivalent to 54 billion tons of carbon dioxide. The remaining carbon budget - how much carbon dioxide can be emitted to have a better than 50% chance of holding global warming to 1.5°C - has halved over three years  

One of the researchers said the study was a “timely wake-up call” that the pace and scale of climate action has been insufficient, and it comes as climate experts meet in Bonn to prepare the ground for the major COP28 climate conference in the UAE in December, which will include a stock take of progress towards keeping global warming to 1.5°C by 2050.   

Given the speed at which the global climate system is changing, the scientists argue that policymakers, climate negotiators and civil society groups need to have access to up-to-date and robust scientific evidence on which to base decisions.

When Water Temperatures Change, the Molecular Motors of Cephalopods Do Too

Doryteuthis opalescens, otherwise known as market squid, helped UC San Diego researchers discover the animals’ ability to recode RNA in cells to improve their functioning in different water temperatures.
 Credit: UC San Diego/Sea Grant California.

Cephalopods are a large family of marine animals that includes octopuses, cuttlefish and squid. They live in every ocean, from warm, shallow tropical waters to near-freezing, abyssal depths. More remarkably, report two scientists at University of California San Diego in a new study, at least some cephalopods possess the ability to recode protein motors within cells to adapt “on the fly” to different water temperatures.    

Writing in the June 8, 2023 edition of Cell, first author Kavita J. Rangan, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of senior author Samara L. Reck-Peterson, PhD, a professor in the departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at UC San Diego School of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology at UC San Diego and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, describe how opalescent inshore squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) employ RNA recoding to change amino acids at the protein level, improving the function of molecular motors that carry out diverse functions within cells in colder waters.

RNA recoding allows organisms to edit genetic information from the genomic blueprint to create new proteins. The process is rare in humans but is common in soft-bodied cephalopods, such as D. opalescens, which makes seasonal spawning migrations along the coast of San Diego. 

Is “second-guessing” a hard-wired behavior? Mouse study offers clues

U of U Health scientists have found that genes bias decision-making, even decisions that seem irrational.
Illustration Credit: Cornelia Stacher-Hörndli, PhD.

Have you ever made a decision that, in hindsight, seemed irrational? A new study with mice, which could have implications for people, suggests that some decisions are, to a certain extent, beyond their control. Rather, the mice are hard-wired to make them.

“This research is telling us that animals are constrained in the decisions they make,” said Christopher Gregg, PhD, a neurobiologist at University of Utah Health and senior author of the study that was recently published in iScience. “Their genetics push them down one path or another.”

Gregg and his research team started investigating decision-making after noticing mice repeatedly making what appeared to be an irrational decision. After finding a stash of hidden seeds, rather than staying put to eat them, mice kept returning to a location that had food in it the day before. Only on this day, the original location was empty.

“It was as if the mice were second-guessing whether the first location really had no food,” Gregg said. “Like they thought they had missed something.”

Long Covid can impact fatigue and quality of life worse than some cancers

Photo Credit: engin akyurt

Fatigue is the symptom that most significantly impacts the daily lives of long Covid patients, and can affect quality of life more than some cancers, finds a new study led by researchers at UCL and the University of Exeter.

The research, published in BMJ Open and funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), examines the impact of long Covid on the lives of over 3,750 patients who were referred to a long Covid clinic and used a digital app as part of their NHS treatment for the condition.

Patients were asked to complete questionnaires on the app about how long Covid was affecting them – considering the impact of long Covid on their day-to-day activities, levels of fatigue, depression, anxiety, breathlessness, brain fog, and their quality of life.

The researchers found that many long Covid patients were seriously ill and on average had fatigue scores worse or similar to people with cancer-related anemia or severe kidney disease. Their health-related quality of life scores were also lower than those of people with advanced metastatic cancers, like stage IV lung cancer.

Overall, the team found that the impact of long Covid on the daily activities of patients was worse than that of stroke patients and was comparable to that of patients with Parkinson’s Disease.

Viral Neuronal Fusion and COVID-19

Fused neurons in yellow, expressing Spike S fusogen from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the human receptor hACE2.
Image Credit: Courtesy of University of Queensland

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary: Viral-Induced Neuronal Fusion

The Core Concept: Viral-induced neuronal fusion is a newly identified pathological process where brain cells infected by viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, merge together rather than undergoing cell death or inflammation. This fusion permanently alters neuronal circuitry, causing the infected neurons to either fire synchronously or cease functioning entirely.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Previously, viral infection in the brain was understood to result in only two clinical outcomes: cell death or inflammation. The discovery of a third outcome—neuronal fusion mediated by the presence of viral proteins like the spike S protein—highlights a unique mechanism where fused neurons survive but irreversibly lose their independent signaling capabilities.

Origin/History: The mechanism was detailed in a study published in Science Advances in June 2023 by researchers Professor Massimo Hilliard and Dr. Ramon Martinez-Marmol from the Queensland Brain Institute at The University of Queensland, following observations of persistent SARS-CoV-2 in the brains of patients with long COVID.

Major Frameworks/Components:

• Viral protein expression: The presentation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike S protein within neurons directly triggers the cellular fusion event.
• Circuit synchronization: Fused neurons fail to operate as independent circuits, resulting in simultaneous electrical firing or complete functional arrest.
• Broad viral etiology: The mechanism is hypothesized to occur with other neurotropic viruses known to cause fusion in non-neural tissues, including HIV, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, measles, herpes simplex virus, and Zika virus.

Groundbreaking findings bring hope for faster and better recovery after stroke

Marcela Pekna och Milos Pekny, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg.
Photo Credits: Milos Pekny, Ylva Pekny

An effective treatment for most stroke victims — even those who, today, are unable to gain access to care within the first few hours. This is the goal of an experimental method that has been tested with great success in an international study headed by the University of Gothenburg.

The work now published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation is a multicenter study in which researchers at the Universities of Gothenburg and Cologne implemented parallel testing of an experimental stroke treatment on mice. The study was conducted in collaboration with researchers at the Czech Academy of Sciences.

By giving mice a molecule, the complement peptide C3a, in nasal drops, the scientists saw them recover motor function faster and better after stroke compared with mice that had received nasal drops with placebo. These results confirm and extend a previous study at the University of Gothenburg and the current study design further strengthens their credibility.

“We see the same positive effects in experiments done in Sweden and in Germany, which makes the results much more robust,” says Marcela Pekna, Professor of Neuroimmunology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, who led the study.

Elusive planets play “hide and seek” with CHEOPS

Artist's impression of CHEOPS.
Illustration Credit: ESA / ATG medialab

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary: Exoplanetary Detection and Mini-Neptunes via CHEOPS and TESS

The Core Concept: Astronomers have confirmed the existence of four new mini-Neptune exoplanets—including TOI 5678 b and HIP 9618 c—by combining targeted follow-up observations from the CHEOPS space telescope with survey data from NASA's TESS satellite. 

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Unlike massive, ultra-hot "Hot Jupiters" that are easily detected due to close orbits and high temperatures, mini-Neptunes are smaller, cooler, and possess longer orbital periods, requiring a strategic "hide-and-seek" observational methodology to eliminate incorrect orbital period hypotheses. 

Major Frameworks/Components:

• Synergy of space-based satellites: Utilizing NASA's TESS for rapid sky scanning and initial single-transit detection, combined with ESA's CHEOPS for precise targeted follow-up observations.
• Targeted orbital period verification software: Algorithmic prioritization and testing of candidate transit windows to resolve unknown orbital periods.
• Radial velocity measurements: Ground-based follow-up techniques used to determine planetary masses once orbital periods are constrained. 

Designing the right tools to hunt for elusive axion particles

Inside the newly constructed CCM200 detector, showing the 200 photo-multiplier tube light sensors (circles) and the interior walls coated with a special material to convert the argon scintillation light into visible light that can be detected by the photo-multiplier tubes and then recorded by the data acquisition system. An outer veto region rejects events coming from the outside such as cosmic rays.
Photo Credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory

Since axions were first predicted by theory nearly half a century ago, researchers have hunted for proof of the elusive particle, which may exist outside the visible universe, in the dark sector. But how does one find particles that can’t be seen? The first physics results from the Coherent CAPTAIN-Mills experiment at Los Alamos — just described in a publication in the journal Physical Review D — suggest that liquid-argon, accelerator-based experimentation, designed initially to look for similarly hypothetical particles such as sterile neutrinos, may also be an ideal set-up for seeking out stealthy axions.

“The confirmation of dark sector particles would have a profound impact on the understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics, as well as the origin and evolution of the universe,” said physicist Richard Van de Water. “A big focus of the physics community is exploring ways to detect and confirm these particles. The Coherent CAPTAIN-Mills experiment couples existing predictions of dark matter particles such as axions with high-intensity particle accelerators capable of producing this hard-to-find dark matter.”

New research could improve performance of artificial intelligence and quantum computers

A University of Minnesota Twin Cities-led team has developed a more energy-efficient, tunable superconducting diode — a promising component for future electronic devices — that could help scale up quantum computers for industry and improve artificial intelligence systems.
Photo Credit: Olivia Hultgren.

A University of Minnesota Twin Cities-led team has developed a new superconducting diode, a key component in electronic devices, that could help scale up quantum computers for industry use and improve the performance of artificial intelligence systems. 

The paper is published in Nature Communications, a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the natural sciences and engineering. 

A diode allows current to flow one way but not the other in an electrical circuit. It essentially serves as half of a transistor — which is the main element in computer chips. Diodes are typically made with semiconductors, substances with electrical properties that form the base for most electronics and computers, but researchers are interested in making them with superconductors, which additionally have the ability to transfer energy without losing any power along the way.

Compared to other superconducting diodes, the researchers’ device is more energy efficient, can process multiple electrical signals at a time, and contains a series of gates to control the flow of energy, a feature that has never before been integrated into a superconducting diode.