New technology lights way for accelerating coral reef restoration

Improving coral feeding habits can have a positive domino effect on the marine ecosystem.
Photo Credit: Francesco Ungaro

Scientists have developed a novel tool designed to protect and conserve coral reefs by providing them with an abundance of feeding opportunities. 

The device, dubbed the Underwater Zooplankton Enhancement Light Array (UZELA), is an autonomous, programmable underwater light that works to draw in nearby zooplankton, microscopic organisms that coral feed on. 

After testing the submersible on two species of coral native to Hawaii over six months, researchers found that UZELA could greatly enhance local zooplankton density and increase the feeding rates of both healthy and bleached coral. Importantly, providing coral with greater amounts of food makes them stronger and more likely to be resilient against certain environmental threats, like heat stress or ocean acidification.

This result is impressive, especially at a time when rising ocean temperatures are forcing entire coral reefs to the cusp of collapse, said

Whale poop contains iron that may have helped fertilize past oceans

A blue whale photographed in September 2010.
Photo Credit: NOAA

The blue whale is the largest animal on the planet. It consumes enormous quantities of tiny, shrimp-like animals known as krill to support a body of up to 100 feet (30 meters) long. Blue whales and other baleen whales, which filter seawater through their mouths to feed on small marine life, once teemed in Earth’s oceans. Then over the past century they were hunted almost to extinction for their energy-dense blubber.

As whales were decimated, some thought the krill would proliferate in predator-free waters. But that’s not what happened. Krill populations dropped, too, and neither population has yet recovered.

A recent theory proposes that whales weren’t just predators in the ocean environment. Nutrients that whales excreted may have provided a key fertilizer to these marine ecosystems.

Research led by University of Washington oceanographers supports that theory. It finds that whale excrement contains significant amounts of iron, a vital element that is often scarce in ocean ecosystems, and nontoxic forms of copper, another essential nutrient that in some forms can harm life.

The open-access study, the first to look at the forms of these trace metals in what’s commonly known as whale poop, was published in January in Communications Earth & Environment.

Microplastics discovered in Antarctica

A view over the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica.
Photo Credit: Steve Gibbs, BAS

Scientists have discovered microplastics in the snow near some of Antarctica’s deep field camps, revealing how far-reaching plastic pollution has become. While not new, it’s the first time these tiny pieces of plastic have been found in remote locations.

The study was conducted at field camps, at Union Glacier and Schanz Glacier (near the Ellsworth Mountains), where researchers were carrying out field work, and the South Pole where the US Antarctic Program has a research station. It is the first time a new and advanced technique has been used to detect microplastics as small as 11 micrometers (about the size of a red blood cell) in the snow in Antarctica. The study is published this week (6 February 2025) in the journal Science of the Total Environment.

The findings surprised the team as microplastics were found at concentrations ranging from 73 to 3,099 particles per liter of snow. Most of these particles (95%) were smaller than 50 micrometers (0.005 cm, the size of most human cells), suggesting previous studies may have underestimated the extent of microplastic pollution in the region due to less sensitive detection methods.

Previous methods involved hand-picking particles and fibers out of samples for laboratory analyses. However, the newer technique involves melting snow through filter paper and scanning this at a high resolution, using infrared spectroscopy, so any plastics above 11 micrometers can be identified.

Recycling the unrecyclable

Recovered carbon fibers.
This might look like something you’d see on the floor of a barber’s shop, but it’s actually a clump of reclaimed carbon fibers. Photo Credit: ©2025 Jin et al.
(CC-BY-ND)

Epoxy resins are coatings and adhesives used in a broad range of familiar applications, such as construction, engineering and manufacturing. However, they often present a challenge to recycle or dispose of responsibly. For the first time, a team of researchers, including those from the University of Tokyo, developed a method to efficiently reclaim materials from a range of epoxy products for reuse by using a novel solid catalyst.

There’s a high chance you are surrounded by epoxy compounds as you read this. They are used in electronic devices due to their insulating properties; clothing such as shoes due to their binding properties and physical robustness; building construction for the same reason; and even in aircraft bodies and wind turbine blades for their ability to contain strong materials such as carbon fibers or glass fibers. It’s hard to overstate the importance of epoxy products in the modern world. But for all their uses, they inevitably have a downside: Epoxy compounds are essentially plastics and prove difficult to deal with after their use or at the end of the life of an epoxy-containing product.

Mutations in two gene pairs point to a promising drug target in 5 percent of adult cancers

Illustration Credit: Natalie Velez, Broad Communications

Scientists from the Cancer Dependency Map (DepMap) at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and Columbia University have discovered that about 5 percent of adult cancers rely heavily on a gene called PELO to survive and that disabling the gene kills those cancer cells. These cancers have mutations in one of two genes, FOCAD or TCC37.

The finding, described in Nature, is a new synthetic lethality — a pair of genetic changes that together kill cancer cells. The researchers say that PELO is a promising target, and that genetic testing could identify cancer patients with FOCAD or TCC37 mutations who would benefit from new PELO-targeting drugs.

“These cancers are a huge unmet medical need, because we don’t have effective drugs for them,” said Francisca Vazquez, co-senior author on the study along with postdoctoral researcher Edmond Chan, now an assistant professor at Columbia University. Vazquez is also director of DepMap, which systematically probes cancer cell lines for genetic vulnerabilities. 

“Targeting synthetic lethalities is a good way to expand the repertoire of tumors we’re able to treat,” Vazquez said. “This new synthetic lethality we found shows how powerful the DepMap datasets can be.”

Patricia Borck, a DepMap research scientist in Broad’s Cancer Program, is first author on the study.

Cutting edge technology shows promise in tackling deadly brain tumors

Delivering advanced gene-editing tools directly to the tumor site can improve the body’s defense against glioblastoma
Image Credit: Gemini

A new study led by Khuloud Al Jamal, Professor of Drug Delivery & Nanomedicine, has found an innovative strategy to combat glioblastoma (GB), a fast-growing and aggressive type of brain tumor.

GB is a brain tumor originating in the brain or spinal cord. Despite advances in cancer treatment, it can remain resistant to therapies, including immune checkpoint (ICP) blockade therapies. ICP blockade works by targeting specific proteins on immune or tumor cells to prevent tumors from evading the immune system. While effective in other cancers, this approach has shown limited success in treating GB. The is due to complex interactions between immune cells and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), which suppress the immune response and reduce the effectiveness of these therapies.

In the study, published in Advanced Science, Professor Al Jamal and her team revealed how they have taken a novel approach to overcome this challenge by focusing on the mesenchymal subtype of GSCs, which is particularly aggressive and therapy resistant. The study employed lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) — tiny, fat-based carriers — to transport CRISPR RNAs, an advanced gene-editing tool, to GSC and immune cells in therapeutically relevant tumor models. 

Spinal cord stimulation: A transformative option for chronic pain management

Image Credit: cottonbro studio

Chronic back and lower extremity pain are leading causes of disability worldwide, significantly impacting the quality of life and productivity of the patients affected by them. For these patients, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) — a non-pharmacological, neurostimulation treatment that involves the surgical implantation of electrodes and a power source to deliver electrical current to the spinal cord to reduce pain signals to the brain — offers an advanced, safe and minimally invasive treatment option.

SCS is not a new medical technology, but has evolved considerably since its introduction in the 1960s. “It was historically used for patients who had undergone spine surgery but continued to experience pain,” explains Jonathan Droessler, MD, a specialist in interventional physiatry at UCLA’s Department of Orthopedic Surgery.

“Today, it’s used for patients with intractable pain lasting more than six months.”

Cracks in Greenland Ice Sheet are growing, study finds

Crevasses at Store Glacier, a marine-terminating outlet glacier of the western Greenland Ice Sheet.
 Photo Credit: Tom Chudley (Durham University)

A new study published this week in Nature Geoscience reveals that in response to climate change, the Greenland Ice Sheet is developing significantly more surface crevasses in key regions – a change that may accelerate ice loss and contribute to rising sea levels.

The research was led by Thomas Chudley, a research assistant professor at Durham University and former research associate at The Ohio State University’s Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center. The study analyzed high-resolution 3D surface maps and found that crevasses – wedge-shaped fractures in ice – had significantly increased in size and depth at the ice sheet’s fast-flowing edges over the entire Greenland Ice Sheet between 2016 and 2021.

Omega-3s Can Slow Down Aging Process

In addition to the well-documented health benefits, a recent evaluation of the DO-HEALTH study indicates that the intake of omega-3 fatty acids can also slow down the ageing process.
Photo Credit: Polina Tankilevitch

A daily intake of one gram of omega-3s can slow down biological aging by up to four months, according to an analysis of clinical data from the international DO-HEALTH study led by the University of Zurich. For the first time, epigenetic clocks were used to measure the aging process.

Many people would like to delay or even stop the aging process. Previous clinical studies have shown that a reduced calorie intake can slow down the aging process in humans. Taking vitamin D or omega-3 fatty acids has also shown promising results in slowing biological aging in animals. However, it was unclear whether these measures would also work in humans.

The therapies previously tested in the DO-HEALTH study led by Heike Bischoff-Ferrari are also associated with a slowing of the aging process. These showed that vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, as well as regular physical activity, reduce the risk of infections and falls, and prevent cancer and premature frailty. “These results inspired us to measure the direct influence of these three therapies on the biological aging process in the Swiss DO-HEALTH participants,” says Bischoff-Ferrari, professor of geriatrics and geriatric medicine at the University of Zurich.

Climate change is overhauling marine nutrient cycles

Adam Martiny (middle) participates in ocean shipboard sampling on board the ocean-going Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program.
Photo Credit: Celine Mouginot / UC Irvine

Computer models reveal how human-driven climate change will dramatically overhaul critical nutrient cycles in the ocean. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, University of California, Irvine researchers report evidence that marine nutrient cycles – essential for sustaining ocean ecosystems – are changing in unexpected ways as the planet continues to warm.

“Model studies have suggested that when the ocean warms it gets more stratified, which can drain certain parts of the surface ocean of nutrients,” said Adam Martiny, professor of Earth system science and ecology & evolutionary biology and one of the study’s lead authors. Although models suggest a connection between ocean temperatures and surface ocean nutrients, this is the first study to confirm climate change’s impacts on nutrient cycles.

The team, led by graduate student Skylar Gerace, analyzed 50 years of nutrient data from the ocean collected as part of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP). They discovered that over the last half century, there’s been a major decline in phosphorus – a nutrient that plays a key role in the health of marine food webs – in southern hemisphere oceans.