Hulk lizard” knocks out ancient color palette

As the "Hulk" lizards spread across the landscape, the yellow and orange throat colors also disappear.
 Photo Credit: Roberto García Roa

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: A sexually dominant, aggressive "Hulk" morph of the common wall lizard is rapidly extinguishing ancient yellow and orange throat color variants that previously coexisted for millions of years.
• Methodology: Researchers analyzed throat color distributions in over 10,000 Podarcis muralis individuals across roughly 240 populations in the Mediterranean region.
• Key Data: The dataset covers >10,000 lizards; the spread of the green "Hulk" morph correlates with the complete loss of yellow and orange phenotypes, often leaving only the white morph remaining.
• Significance: This study demonstrates that ancient, stable evolutionary polymorphisms can be collapsed abruptly by a single new trait, overturning assumptions about the inherent stability and slow pace of evolutionary balance.
• Future Application: These findings provide a model for predicting how emerging traits or invasive phenotypes can rapidly alter competitive dynamics and reduce intraspecific biodiversity.
• Branch of Science: Evolutionary Biology
• Additional Detail: The elimination of color variants is attributed specifically to the aggressive behavior of the "Hulk" morph, which destroys the social equilibrium required for multiple morphs to persist.

Woolly rhino genes recovered from Ice Age wolf stomach

The autopsy of the Tumat-1 wolf puppy, when a fragment of a woolly rhinoceros tissue was found in the stomach.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of Cardiff University

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers successfully sequenced the first complete genome of an extinct woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) using a tissue fragment preserved inside the stomach of a frozen Ice Age wolf puppy.
• Methodology: The team extracted DNA from the 14,400-year-old stomach tissue—originally misidentified as cave lion—and compared it against high-quality genomes from specimens dated to 18,000 and 49,000 years ago to assess genetic changes over time.
• Specific Data: The sample originates from Tumat, northeastern Siberia, and represents one of the youngest woolly rhino specimens ever found, dating to the period immediately preceding the species' extinction.
• Context: Genomic analysis revealed no significant increase in inbreeding or accumulation of harmful mutations, indicating the population remained genetically diverse and stable despite 15,000 years of overlapping human presence.
• Significance: The absence of genetic deterioration suggests the woolly rhinos' extinction was not caused by a slow decline or human overhunting, but rather by a rapid collapse driven by sudden climate warming at the end of the last Ice Age.

Study shows that species-diverse systems like prairies have built-in protection

The Rainfall and Diversity Experiment, where the study is based, was established at the KU Field Station in 2018. The site includes 12 constructed shelters, each with 20 plots planted with differing levels of plant species diversity and allowed different levels of precipitation. Research at the site continues.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of University of Kansas

Six years into a study on the effect of plant pathogens in grasslands, University of Kansas researchers have the data to show that species diversity — a hallmark of native prairies — works as a protective shield: It drives growth and sustains the health of species-diverse ecosystems over time, functioning somewhat like an immune system.

The research findings, just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), have implications for management of native grassland, rangeland and agricultural lands. The results support regenerative agricultural approaches that strengthen the soil biome long-term, such as intercropping, rotation of different cover crops and encouraging a variety of native perennials (prairie strips) along field margins.

The study emphasized the interaction of changing precipitation and the loss of species diversity.

New findings on genomic regulation mechanisms throughout evolution

Studying the regulatory genomes of the bat sea star and the purple sea urchin.
Image Credit: Courtesy of University of Barcelona

The study outlines a new scenario for understanding how genome regulation and chromatin organization influence the evolution of animal body plans. “Our study opens up new paths for understanding the biological and evolutionary significance of this extreme conservation, since for the first time we can compare these very ancient regulatory elements across different lineages, a scientific breakthrough that allows us to understand what properties they share,” says Ignacio Maeso, professor at the UB’s Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics. 

Bristol scientists discover early sponges were soft

Xestospongia muta, the barrel sponge, may live for 100 years and grow to over 6 feet tall. While populations have declined at sites throughout the Caribbean, they appear to be quite healthy on Little Cayman Island. Caribbean Sea, Cayman Islands.
Photo Credit: NOAA
(Public Domain)

Sponges are among earth’s most ancient animals, but exactly when they evolved have long puzzled scientists. Genetic information from living sponges, as well as chemical signals from ancient rocks, suggests that sponges evolved at least 650 million years ago. 

This evidence has proved highly controversial as it predates the fossil record of sponges by a minimum of 100 million years. Now an international team of scientists led by Dr M. Eleonora Rossi, from the University of Bristol’s School of Biological Sciences, has solved this conflict by examining the evolution of sponge skeletons.  The research was published in Science Advances. 

Living sponges have skeletons composed of millions of microscopic glass-like needles called spicules. These spicules also have an extremely good fossil record, dating back to around 543 million years ago in the late Ediacaran Period. Their absence from older rocks has led some scientists to question whether earlier estimates for the origin of sponges are accurate. 

A molecular switch that controls transitions between single-celled and multicellular forms

The marine yeast Hortaea werneckii switches between unicellular and multicellular forms depending on food availability. These microscope images show (left to right): individual cells dividing on their own, fully connected multicellular chains that develop directly from single cells, and multicellular forms transitioning back by producing unicellular offspring. This flexibility helps the yeast adapt to changing ocean conditions.
Image Credit: Gakuho Kurita, Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Nagoya University

How did multicellular life evolve from single cells? Nagoya University researchers have identified genes in marine yeast that may help answer this fundamental question. 

Scientists at Nagoya University in Japan have identified the genes that allow an organism to switch between living as single cells and forming multicellular structures. This ability to alternate between life forms provides new insights into how multicellular life may have evolved from single-celled ancestors and eventually led to complex organisms like animals and plants. 

Published in Nature, the study represents an exceptionally detailed molecular explanation of how clonal multicellularity, where all cells descend from a single ancestor, can be achieved and controlled at the genetic level. 

Plant science with a twist

Images of roots studied as part of new research exploring the molecular underpinnings to how plants twist their roots.
Image Credit: Dixit Lab / Washington University in St. Louis

From morning glories spiraling up fence posts to grape vines corkscrewing through arbors, twisted growth is a problem-solving tool found throughout the plant kingdom. Roots “do the twist” all the time, skewing hard right or left to avoid rocks and other debris.

Scientists have long known that mutations in certain genes affecting microtubules in plants can cause plants to grow in a twisting manner. In most cases, these are “null mutations,” meaning the twisting is often a consequence of the absence of a particular gene.

This still left a mystery for plant scientists like Ram Dixit, the George and Charmaine Mallinckrodt Professor of Biology at Washington University in St. Louis. The absence of a gene should cause all sorts of other problems for plants and yet twisted growth is an incredibly common evolutionary adaptation.

First ancient human herpesvirus genomes document their deep history with humans

Laboratory technician and one of the authors in the contamination-controlled ancient DNA laboratory at the University of Tartu extracting tiny amounts of DNA from centuries-old skeletons.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of University of Tartu

For the first time, scientists have reconstructed ancient genomes of Human betaherpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A/B) from archaeological human remains more than two millennia old. The study, led by the University of Vienna and University of Tartu (Estonia) and published in Science Advances, confirms that these viruses have been evolving with and within humans since at least the Iron Age. The findings trace the long history of HHV-6 integration into human chromosomes and suggest that HHV-6A lost this ability early on. 

HHV-6B infects about 90 percent of children by the age of two and is best known as the cause of roseola infantum – or "sixth disease" – the leading cause of febrile seizures in young children. Together with its close relative HHV-6A, it belongs to a group of widespread human herpesviruses that typically establish lifelong, latent infections after an initial mild illness in early childhood. What makes them exceptional is their ability to integrate into human chromosomes – a feature that allows the virus to remain dormant and, in rare cases, to be inherited as part of the host's own genome. Such inherited viral copies occur in roughly one percent of people today. While earlier studies had hypothesized that these integrations were ancient, the new data from this study provide the first direct genomic proof. 

What Is: Biological Plasticity

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

The Paradigm of the Reactive Genome 

The history of biological thought has long been dominated by a tension between the deterministic rigidity of the genotype and the fluid adaptability of the phenotype. For much of the 20th century, the Modern Synthesis emphasized the primacy of genetic mutation and natural selection, often relegating environmental influence to a mere background filter against which genes were selected. In this view, the organism was a fixed readout of a genetic program, stable and unwavering until a random mutation altered the code. However, a profound paradigm shift has occurred, repositioning the organism not as a static entity but as a dynamic system capable of producing distinct, often dramatically different phenotypes from a single genotype in response to environmental variation. This capacity, known as biological or phenotypic plasticity, is now recognized as a fundamental property of life, permeating every level of biological organization—from the epigenetic modification of chromatin in a stem cell nucleus to the behavioral phase transitions of swarming locusts, and ultimately to the structural rewiring of the mammalian cortex following injury. 

New species are now being discovered faster than ever before, study suggests

Among the approximately 16,000 new species described every year, roughly 6,000 are insects. Pictured here is a lanternfly from India.
Photo Credit: John J. Wiens

About 300 years ago, Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus set out on a bold quest: to identify and name every living organism on Earth. Now celebrated as the father of modern taxonomy, he developed the binomial naming system and described more than 10,000 species of plants and animals. Since his time, scientists have continued to describe new species in the quest to uncover Earth's biodiversity.

According to a new University of Arizona-led study published in Science Advances, scientists are discovering species quicker than ever before, with more than 16,000 new species discovered each year. The trend shows no sign of slowing, and the team behind the new paper predicts that the biodiversity among certain groups, such as plants, fungi, arachnids, fishes and amphibians is richer than scientists originally thought. 

"Some scientists have suggested that the pace of new species descriptions has slowed down and that this indicates that we are running out of new species to discover, but our results show the opposite," said John Wiens, a professor in the University of Arizona Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, in the College of Science, and senior author of the paper. "In fact, we're finding new species at a faster rate than ever before."

Begging gene leads to drone food

A drone (center) begs worker bees for food. HHU researchers found that the associated complex interaction pattern is genetically specified.
Photo Credit: HHU/Steffen Köhle

Is complex social behavior genetically determined? 

Yes, as a team of biologists from Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU), together with colleagues from Bochum and Paris, established during an investigation of bees. They identified a genetic factor that determines the begging behavior of drones, which they use to socially obtain food. They are now publishing their results in the journal Nature Communications. 

Male bees, the "drones," do not have an easy time when trying to access vital proteins. They cannot digest the most important protein source for bees, pollen, on their own. To avoid starvation, they rely on workers to feed them a pre-produced food slurry, which the workers manufacture themselves from pollen. However, to obtain this food, the drones must convince the workers to hand it overusing a specific sequence of behaviors. 

What Is: The Phanerozoic Eon

Defining the Eon of Complex Life
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / AI generated

The Phanerozoic Eon constitutes the current and most biologically dynamic division of the geological time scale. Spanning the interval from approximately 538.8 million years ago (Ma) to the present day, it represents roughly the last 12% of Earth's 4.54-billion-year history. Despite its relatively short duration compared to the preceding Precambrian supereon—which encompasses the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons—the Phanerozoic contains the overwhelming majority of the known fossil record and the entirety of the history of complex, macroscopic animal life.  

Climate shapes arms race between ants and their social parasites

The "slave-making ant" Temnothorax americanus (left) and its host Temnothorax longispinosus
Photo Credit: ©: Romain Libbrecht

The battle between ant hosts and their social parasites is strongly influenced by climate. Temperature and humidity shape how the ants behave, communicate, and even evolve — while host and parasite respond with very different genetic strategies. These are the findings of two recent studies in which researchers at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) and the Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre combined behavioral experiments with state-of-the-art genomic analyses. "Climate clearly explains the variation in host and parasite behavior better than parasite prevalence itself," says Professor Susanne Foitzik, senior author of both studies and chair of Behavioral Ecology and Social Evolution at JGU.

In the first study, published in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology, the team examined a parasite, the so-called "slave-making ant" Temnothorax americanus, and its host, the ant Temnothorax longispinosus. The social parasite invades host nests and steals their brood, which later grows up to work for the parasite colony – an extraordinary form of social parasitism. The researchers focused on how the ants' behavior and chemical communication vary across different climates. By comparing ten natural populations along a 1,000‑kilometer north-south gradient in the United States, they found that climate influenced the conflict more strongly than the local frequency of parasite colonies.

New marine sponges provide clues about animal evolution

Paco Cárdenas and Julio A. Díaz have described new sponges found off the coast of Spain. The researchers discovered that the sponges produce a substance of potential interest for drug development.
 Photo Credit: Mikael Wallerstedt

A completely new order of marine sponges has been found by researchers at the Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University. The sponge order, named Vilesida, produces substances that could be used in drug development. The same substances support the hypothesis that sponges – and therefore animals – emerged 100 million years earlier than previously thought. 

Sponges are among the most challenging animals in the tree of life to identify and classify. For this reason, many sponges lack a formal name, which is unusual in other animal groups. While the discovery by scientists of new species of marine invertebrates is an everyday occurrence, it is far less common to identify entirely new genera or families. The discovery of a completely new order is rare: only twelve new animal orders have been described in the last five years. 

Our brains recognize the voices of our primate cousins

When participants heard chimpanzee vocalisations, this response was clearly distinct from that triggered by bonobos or macaques.
Image Credit: © L. Ceravolo

The brain doesn’t just recognize the human voice. A study by the University of Geneva (UNIGE) shows that certain areas of our auditory cortex respond specifically to the vocalizations of chimpanzees, our closest cousins both phylogenetically and acoustically. This finding, published in the journal eLife, suggests the existence of subregions in the human brain that are particularly sensitive to the vocalizations of certain primates. It opens a new window on the origin of voice recognition, which could have implications for language development. 

Our voice is a fundamental sign of social communication. In humans, a large part of the auditory cortex is dedicated to its analysis. But do these skills have older roots? To find out, scientists from the UNIGE’s Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences adopted an approach based on the evolution of species. By comparing the neural processing of vocalizations emitted by species close to humans, such as chimpanzees, bonobos and macaques, it is possible to observe what our brain shares, or does not share, with that of other primates and thus to investigate the emergence of the neural bases of vocal communication, long before the appearance of language. 

Bear teeth break free – Researchers discover the origin of unusual bear dentition

Lower jaw of a polar bear
The polar bear has a second molar that is only slightly larger than the first. Although the polar bear is a carnivore, it is descended from the omnivorous brown bear. 
Photo Credit: © Katja Henßel, SNSB

Mammalian teeth show an astonishing diversity that has developed over 225 million years. One approach to describing the development of mammalian teeth is the so-called “Inhibitory Cascade Model”, short ICM. The ICM describes the growth pattern of molars in the lower jaw. According to the model, the following applies to many mammals: The front molars in the lower jaw influence the growth of all the teeth behind them. 

Certain molecules inhibit or activate tooth growth in the animal's dentition according to the same pattern. Which molars become small or large depends on the size of the first molar, which depends on the animal's diet. In carnivorous mammals, the first molar is usually larger than the third. In herbivores, it is the other way around: the first molar is small, while the third is large. 

Ecological winners: Why some species dominate the planet

A new study sheds light on why some species seem to thrive nearly everywhere, while others are rare and have very limited ranges. Pictured is the boojum tree (Fouquieria columnaris), native only to a few desert regions in Mexico's Gulf of California. 
Photo Credit: Daniel Stolte

Few ideas in science have been tested and confirmed as thoroughly as evolution by natural selection. 160 years ago, Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing organisms that had developed highly specialized traits to better survive or reproduce in their environments. Whether the same process can explain global patterns of biodiversity, however – why most species are restricted to certain environments while a few outliers seem to be found everywhere – remains largely uncertain.

"We still are not exactly sure why most species are confined to narrow ranges, while only a few thrive nearly everywhere," said Brian Enquist, professor in the University of Arizona Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and senior author of a new study providing the strongest global evidence yet that abundant plant species became so dispersed over time because of their ability to tolerate diverse climates.

Evolutionary Biology: In-Depth Description

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / stock image

Evolutionary Biology is the sub-discipline of biology that studies the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth, starting from a single common ancestor. These processes include natural selection, common descent, and speciation. It serves as the unifying theory of the biological sciences, providing a framework that explains the unity and diversity of organisms by investigating the changes in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations.

Human biology is ill-adapted to modern cities

A new study has found that modern cities are having a huge impact on our health and wellbeing.
Photo Credit: Patrick Robert Doyle

Researchers from Loughborough University and the University of Zurich found that rapid industrialization has reshaped human habitats so dramatically that our biology may no longer be able to keep up. 

The paper, published in Biological Reviews, highlights that densely populated, polluted, and industrialized environments are impairing core biological functions essential for survival and reproduction (i.e., the ‘evolutionary fitness’ of our species). 

The world’s oldest RNA extracted from woolly mammoth

“Such studies could fundamentally reshape our understanding of extinct megafauna as well as other species, revealing the many hidden layers of biology that have remained frozen in time until now”, says postdoc at the University of Caopenhagen, Emilio Mármol.
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / stock image

Scientists have taken an important step closer to understanding the mythical mammoths that roamed the Earth thousands of years ago. 

For the first time ever, a research team has succeeded in isolating and sequencing RNA molecules from woolly mammoths dating back to the Ice Age. These RNA sequences are the oldest ever recovered and come from mammoth tissue preserved in the Siberian permafrost for nearly 40,000 years. The study, published in the journal Cell, shows that not only DNA and proteins, but also RNA, can be preserved for very long periods of time, and provide new insights into the biology of species that have long since become extinct.