Big Bang research: ALICE experiment at CERN starts test operation with lead ions

The ALICE detector is being opened for an upgrade.
Photo Credit: Sebastian Scheid, Goethe University

The ALICE experiment at the CERN particle accelerator center in Geneva, Switzerland, investigates the state of matter shortly after the Big Bang, also known as the quark-gluon plasma. By causing lead ions to collide with each other, it is possible to create such a quark-gluon plasma for tiny fractions of a second. Now, for the first time, a test run at CERN for the ALICE experiment has generated collision energies of 5.36 teraelectronvolts per nucleon-nucleon collision – the highest collision energy ever achieved worldwide. Researchers led by Goethe University's Harald Appelshäuser prepared the central ALICE detector for these higher collision rates, which they hope will offer new insights into the origin of the universe.

A few fractions of a second after the Big Bang, all matter in the universe constituted a kind of "elementary particle soup", known as quark-gluon plasma. By allowing heavy ions to collide in particle accelerators, it is possible to create such quark-gluon plasma for an extremely short time. Such lead ion collisions are central to the ALICE experiment at CERN's accelerator center, which aims to study the properties of matter as it existed shortly after the Big Bang.

Staph infection-induced kidney disease may be linked to bacterial gene mutation

Anjali Satoskar
Photo Credit: Ohio State University

Researchers aiming to predict which staph-infection patients might develop a related kidney disease have found a high frequency of gene mutations in the infecting bacteria of affected patients, which suggests these variants may play a role in the body’s initiation of the renal damage.

The kidney disorder is a fairly uncommon autoimmune complication to Staphylococcus aureus infection. Although it is potentially reversible with quick administration of appropriate antibiotics and effective treatment of the infection, it can also lead to kidney disease or kidney failure.

“There are many varieties of autoimmune nephritis. For most of them, suppressing the immune system is the first line of treatment, but this type is unique because you have both an ongoing severe infection as well as this autoimmune tissue-injury response happening at the same time. Immunosuppression is not an option while the infection is still active,” said study senior author Anjali Satoskar, clinical professor of pathology in the Ohio State University College of Medicine. “It can be a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge.”

In an exploratory study, Satoskar and colleagues found a higher frequency of mutations affecting a group of Staphylococcus aureus genes in blood culture isolates from patients with staph-associated nephritis compared to patients having staph infections without development of autoimmune kidney disease.

Scientists Discovered Late Antique Ice Age Was Not Global

Map of the study areas and examples of three anomalous anatomical structures.
Photo Credit: Monika Grabkowska

The international group of scientists, which includes Ural dendrochronologists, found that between 536 and 550 years the temperature decreased only in the Northern Hemisphere. Scientists obtained data on trees in Eurasia, the Western and Southern Hemispheres. The results were published in Science Bulletin. The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 21-14-00330).

"We estimated the spatial scale of the events of the 536-540s using tree rings. We used "abnormal" rings as markers. One advantage of the approach is that the width of the annual rings responds to temperature changes mainly only in the polar regions and highlands, but abnormal rings form during extreme cold spells in trees in many regions of the Earth. Therefore, the work included data on 23 different points, including the Southern Hemisphere, that is much more than when using the width of the rings," says Rashit Khantemirov, co-author of the work, Leading Researcher of the Laboratory of Dendrochronology of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Head Specialist of the Laboratory of Natural Science Methods in Humanities at Ural Federal University.

Unexpected speed-dependent friction

Surprisingly, the friction between the tip of an atomic force microscope and the Moiré superstructures depends on the speed at which the tip is moved across the surface.
Illustration Credit: Department of Physics and Scixel

Due to their low-friction properties, materials consisting of single atomic layers are of great interest for applications where the aim is to reduce friction — such as hard disks or moving components for satellites or space telescopes. One such example is graphene, which consists of a single layer of carbon atoms in a honeycomb arrangement and is being examined with a view to potential use as a lubricating layer. Indeed, previous studies have shown that a graphene ribbon can be moved across a gold surface with almost no friction.

Surprising results with a rough surface

If graphene is applied to a platinum surface, it has a significant impact on the measurable friction forces. Now, physicists from the University of Basel and Tel Aviv University have reported in the journal Nano Letters that, in this instance, the friction depends on the speed at which the tip of an atomic force microscope (*AFM) is moved across the surface. This finding is surprising because friction does not depend on speed according to Coulomb’s law, which applies in the macro world.

New Virus Discovered in Swiss Ticks

Ticks in Switzerland carry a new pathogen: the so-called Alongshan virus. 
Photo Credit: Erik Karits

The Alongshan virus was discovered in China only five years ago. Now researchers at the University of Zurich have found the novel virus for the first time in Swiss ticks. It appears to be at least as widespread as the tickborne encephalitis virus and causes similar symptoms. The UZH team is working on a diagnostic test to assess the epidemiological situation.

Ticks can transmit many different pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Of particular concern are the tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which can cause inflammation of the brain and of the linings of the brain and spinal cord, and bacteria leading to the infectious Lyme disease (borreliosis). The list of pathogens transmitted by ticks continues to increase, also in Switzerland: researchers from the Institute of Virology at the University of Zurich (UZH) have now detected the Alongshan virus (ALSV) for the first time in ticks in Switzerland.

How do worms develop their gut?

a juvenile C. angaria larva, about 150 microns long.
Photo Credit: Maduro lab/UCR

Were it not for the COVID-19 pandemic, an important discovery about the development of nematodes — elongated cylindrical worms — might not have been made.

With most classes and meetings at universities and schools having moved online in 2020-2021, a husband-and-wife research team at the University of California, Riverside, finally found some time to explore a question they had been mulling over for a long time: How do nematodes distantly related to the best-studied one, Caenorhabditis elegans, make their gut, given that the genes responsible for specifying the gut in C. elegans are absent in other nematodes?

“The pandemic freed up some time for us to think about what research we would like to move forward with when the pandemic eased,” said Morris Maduro, a professor of molecular, cell and systems biology and the corresponding author of the study published in Development, a journal. “Fortunately, an experiment we conducted generated a surprising result. It turns out a simpler gene network seems to be involved in specifying the gut in nematodes related to C. elegans. An ancestral species of C. elegans appears to have duplicated and expanded this simpler gene network to make one that is more complicated, and that complicated network is the one we have been studying all this time in C. elegans.”

Harvesting Light to Grow Food and Clean Energy Together

Solar panels emit a red light over tomato plants growing in a research field at UC Davis in 2022. The work further tests the findings of a UC Davis study showing plants in agrivoltaic systems respond best to the red spectrum of light while blue light is better used for energy production.
Photo Credit: Andre Daccache/UC Davis

People are increasingly trying to grow both food and clean energy on the same land to help meet the challenges of climate change, drought and a growing global population that just topped 8 billion. This effort includes agrivoltaics, in which crops are grown under the shade of solar panels, ideally with less water.

Now scientists from the University of California, Davis, are investigating how to better harvest the sun — and its optimal light spectrum — to make agrivoltaic systems more efficient in arid agricultural regions like California.

Their study, published in Earth’s Future, a journal of the American Geophysical Union, found that the red part of the light spectrum is more efficient for growing plants, while the blue part of the spectrum is better used for solar production.

Researchers propose new structures to harvest untapped source of freshwater

“Eventually, we will need to find a way to increase the supply of fresh water as conservation and recycled water from existing sources, albeit essential, will not be sufficient to meet human needs. We think our newly proposed method can do that at large scales,” said Illinois professor Praveen Kumar. The illustration shows Kumar and his co-authors’ proposed approach for capturing moisture above ocean surfaces and transporting it to land for condensation. 
Illustration Credit: Courtesy Praveen Kumar and Nature Scientific Reports

Researchers said that an almost limitless supply of fresh water exists in the form of water vapor above Earth’s oceans, yet remains untapped. A new study from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is the first to suggest an investment in new infrastructure capable of harvesting oceanic water vapor as a solution to limited supplies of fresh water in various locations around the world.

The study, led by civil and environmental engineering professor and Prairie Research Institute executive director Praveen Kumar, evaluated 14 water-stressed locations across the globe for the feasibility of a hypothetical structure capable of capturing water vapor from above the ocean and condensing it into fresh water – and do so in a manner that will remain feasible in the face of continued climate change.

Kumar, graduate student Afeefa Rahman and atmospheric sciences professor Francina Dominguez published their findings in the journal Nature Scientific Reports.

Why synonymous mutations are not always silent

New modeling shows how synonymous mutations that change the DNA sequence of a gene, but not the sequence of the encoded protein can impact protein production and function by changing the rate of protein synthesis. Top: illustration of a new class of protein misfolding called a non-covalent lasso entanglement that can result from changes to the rate of protein synthesis caused by synonymous mutations. Bottom: structure of a protein showing its native state and misfolded state with non-covalent lasso entanglement.
Illustration Credit: Yang Jiang | Pennsylvania State University

New modeling shows how synonymous mutations — those that change the DNA sequence of a gene but not the sequence of the encoded protein — can still impact protein production and function. A team of researchers led by Penn State chemists modeled how genetic changes that alter the speed of protein synthesis, but not the sequence of amino acids that comprise the protein, can lead to misfolding that changes the protein’s activity level, and then corroborated their models experimentally. The results demonstrate the importance of kinetics — the rate of protein synthesis — in addition to sequence for determining protein structure and function and could have implications in fields such as biopharmaceutics for fine tuning the activity of synthesized proteins.

Proteins are composed of long strings of amino acids that then fold up into three-dimensional functional structures. Each amino acid is encoded by a triplet of letters in the DNA alphabet of A, T, C and G called a codon, but there is redundancy built in to the system such that more than one codon can correspond to the same amino acid. Therefore, a mutation that changes the DNA sequence of a gene won’t necessarily change the sequence of the encoded protein if the mutation results in a "synonymous codon." To make a protein, DNA in the nucleus of a cell is first transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus where it is translated into a nascent protein by a cellular organelle called a ribosome. After translation the protein is folded into its final functional form.

Forest Resilience Linked with Higher Mortality Risk in Western U.S.

A new study assesses decades of U.S. forest health data, revealing a twist in Western U.S. forest fate amid climate change — higher ecosystem resilience is linked with higher mortality risk
Photo Credit: Sarah Ardin

A forest’s resilience, or ability to absorb environmental disturbances, has long been thought to be a boost for its odds of survival against the looming threat of climate change.

But a new study suggests that for some Western U.S. forests, it’s quite the opposite.

In the journal Global Change Biology, researchers have published one of the first large-scale studies of U.S. forest land exploring the link between forest resilience and mortality.

The study is based on more than three decades of satellite image data used for assessing forest resilience, and more than two decades of ground observations of forest tree death across the continental United States.

The results show that while high ecosystem resilience correlates with low mortality in eastern forests, it is linked to high mortality in western regions.

“It’s a surprising finding. … It was widely assumed that greater forest resilience indicates lower mortality risk, but this relationship hadn’t been rigorously evaluated at such a large scale until now,” said Xiaonan Tai, assistant professor of biology at New Jersey Institute of Technology and the corresponding author.