Large swings in past ocean oxygen revealed

GEOTRACES researchers prepare to sample cobalt and more.
Photo Credit: Bill Schmoker, PolarTREC

As the climate warms, there is major concern that Earth’s oceans will lose oxygen. A study published by oceanographers at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa revealed that locked in ancient deep-sea sediments is evidence for oxygen loss in the world’s ocean during past glacial periods.

Scientists first measured oxygen in the oceans in the 1960s. Since then, they have observed decreasing levels in the mid-depths of the ocean—a phenomenon that can be explained in part by the fact that warmer waters hold less oxygen. Less oxygen in the water can lead to habitat loss for fish and other marine species that need oxygen to breathe. If the naturally-occurring low-oxygen regions in the Eastern Pacific expand in a warmer climate, Pacific Island fisheries could be significantly impacted.

The study also indicates that widespread oxygen loss with current climate change may not be permanent, if Pacific Ocean currents rearrange in the future.

AI Models Identify Biodiversity in Tropical Rainforests

The Banded Ground Cocoo (Neomorphus radiolosus, left) and the Purple Chested Hummingbird (Polyerata rosenbergi) are among the birds recorded in tropical reforestation plots in Ecuador.
Photo Credits: John Rogers / Martin Schaefer)

Animal sounds are a very good indicator of biodiversity in tropical reforestation areas. Researchers led by Würzburg Professor Jörg Müller demonstrate this by using sound recordings and AI models.

Tropical forests are among the most important habitats on our planet. They are characterized by extremely high species diversity and play an eminent role in the global carbon cycle and the world climate. However, many tropical forest areas have been deforested and overexploitation continues day by day.

Reforested areas in the tropics are therefore becoming increasingly important for the climate and biodiversity. How well biodiversity develops on such areas can be monitored very well with an automated analysis of animal sounds. This was reported by researchers in the journal Nature Communications.

The world may have crossed solar power ‘tipping point’

Photo Credit: American Public Power Association

The world may have crossed a “tipping point” that will inevitably make solar power our main source of energy, new research suggests.

The study, based on a data-driven model of technology and economics, finds that solar PV (photovoltaics) is likely to become the dominant power source before 2050 – even without support from more ambitious climate policies.

However, it warns four “barriers” could hamper this: creation of stable power grids, financing solar in developing economies, capacity of supply chains, and political resistance from regions that lose jobs.

The researchers say policies resolving these barriers may be more effective than price instruments such as carbon taxes in accelerating the clean energy transition.

The study, led by the University of Exeter and University College London, is part of the Economics of Energy Innovation and System Transition (EEIST) project, funded by the UK Government’s Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF).

“The recent progress of renewables means that fossil fuel-dominated projections are no longer realistic,” Dr Femke Nijsse, from Exeter’s Global Systems Institute.

Unlocking the secrets of cell behavior on soft substrates: A paradigm shift in mechanobiology

Figure showing cancer cells (Osteosarcoma cells) on a printed protein spot. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Photo Credit: Turku Bioscience Centre / James Conway and Hellyeh Hamid

A research group from the University of Turku and Turku Bioscience Centre together with Misvik Biology Ltd in Finland have develop a new method for studying how cancer cells function in softer and stiffer tissue environments. This insight challenges the existing paradigm, opening up new possibilities for research in cancer biology and tissue engineering.

A longstanding belief has been that cells outside the body prefer to spread and grow on stiffer surfaces. This is similar to when we walk on a concrete sidewalk (very stiff) and find it preferable to walking in mud (very soft). For this reason, cells, including stem cells, are continuously cultured on very stiff plastic or glass for research purposes. This idea also resonates with cancer cells thriving within a hard lump they form in tissues. Usually, the stiffer the tumor, the poorer the patients’ prognosis. However, the stiffness of the tissues in our body (e.g., bone versus brain) is not the same. In fact, some cells like neurons and fat cells grow and function effectively in very soft surroundings.

The research group from the University of Turku and Turku Bioscience Centre collaborated with Misvik Biology Ltd, a biotechnology company based in Turku, Finland, to understand how cells function in softer environments and how these could be better modelled outside the human body. They used computational modelling and a large array of growth conditions to meticulously compare cell behavior on soft and stiff surfaces at an unprecedented resolution.

New Cancer Therapy Target Stops Tumor Cells From Sharing Resources

When missing a critical signaling enzyme, liver cells (blue) use vesicles (green) to communicate and share resources in order to multiply. Cancer cells may use the same process to resist therapy.
Image Credit: Courtesy of University of California San Diego

The body has many molecular processes in place to help control cell proliferation, turning it on and off as necessary in different circumstances and in different organs. This is well-exemplified by the liver, which has a high capacity for regeneration to support its important detoxification and metabolic functions.

“Cells in the liver multiply more quickly and effectively than any other cells in the body, which makes the liver the ideal place to study the biological processes that control cell division,” said Feng. “These are the same processes that go awry in cancer, and so one promising approach to treating cancer is targeting cell proliferation.”

In previous research, Feng and his team observed that a minority of liver cells in mice could still proliferate even when the cells were genetically engineered to lack a critical signaling enzyme required for cell proliferation. This enzyme, called Shp2, helps liver cells know when it’s time to divide during liver regeneration. Shp2 is also a known target for treating various cancers, and Shp2 inhibitors are involved in several ongoing clinical trials.

Decontamination method zaps pollutants from soil

Yi Cheng (from left), James Tour and Bing Deng
Photo Credit: Gustavo Raskosky/Rice University

Filtration systems are designed to capture multiple harmful substances from water or air simultaneously, but pollutants in soil can only be tackled individually or a few at a time ⎯ at least for now.

A method developed by Rice University scientists and collaborators at the United States Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) could help turn soil remediation processes from piecemeal to wholesale.

A team of Rice scientists led by chemist James Tour and researchers from the geotechnical structures and environmental engineering branches of the ERDC showed that mixing polluted soil with nontoxic, carbon-rich compounds that propel electrical current, such as biochar, then zapping the mix with short bursts of electricity flushes out both organic pollutants and heavy metals without using water or generating waste.

Amitriptyline helps relieve IBS symptoms

Generic image of amitriptyline tablets

A cheap and widely available prescription drug can improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in patients seen in GP surgeries, new research presented at UEG Week 2023 has found.

Amitriptyline, which is commonly used at low doses for a range of health concerns, has been found to improve irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms too, according to the results of the ATLANTIS trial.

Led by researchers at the Universities of Leeds, Bristol and Southampton, and funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), the study was conducted in primary care. GPs prescribed the drug and patients managed their own dose based on the severity of their symptoms, using an adjustment document designed for the trial. Most people with IBS are seen and managed in primary care by their GP, which means that the results of this trial are likely to be applicable to many people with the condition.

The results showed that patients taking amitriptyline were almost twice as likely to report an overall improvement in symptoms as those taking a placebo.

Now the trial team is recommending that GPs support their patients with IBS to use amitriptyline to manage their symptoms – and has made the dose adjustment document available for clinicians and patients.

Boosting weak immune system: scientists find an unusual weapon against virus

An overview of how the method proposed by the Sieweke group boosts weak immune system. (A) M-CSF cytokine works in the bone marrow to promote generation of monocytes and macrophages, without disturbing the formation of other immune cells; (B) Monocytes and macrophages activate natural killer cells to enable them to target virus-infected cells and kill them through cell–cell contact and the release of toxic agents.
Illustration Credit: © EMBO
(CC BY 4.0 DEED)

Infections with cytomegalovirus (CMV) are extremely common and often pose no major threat to the vast majority of people. They can, however, be deadly for people whose immune system is weakened, e.g., after bone marrow transplantation. Current treatments against CMV infections are very limited and can have severe side effects. Researchers led by Prof. Michael Sieweke at the Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD) at TUD Dresden University of Technology and the Center of Immunology of Marseille Luminy (CIML) propose a new way to protect against CMV. Instead of targeting the virus, their approach boosts the weak immune system and lets it fight the virus on its own. The results were published in the journal EMBO Molecular Medicine.

Some viruses can be dormant throughout a person’s life and cause no harm but become dangerous when the immune system is weakened. One such virus is human cytomegalovirus (CMV). Harmless to the general public but life-threatening to patients with a suppressed immune system.

How to help save plants from extinction

California lilac, a species whose critical limits were obtained for this project
Photo Credit: Karen Udy Chang/Wikimedia Commons

Now is the time to identify the conditions that cause plants to die. Doing so will allow us to better protect plants by choosing conservation targets more strategically, UC Riverside botanists argue in a new paper. 

Published in the Oxford Academic journal Conservation Physiology, the paper demonstrates how scientists can learn the limits past which plants’ vital functions shut down, and makes the case that not doing so is a mistake in this era of increasing drought and wildfires.

“We can measure the amount of water loss plants can tolerate before they start to wilt, and we can learn the temperature at which photosynthesis stops for different kinds of plants,” said Louis Santiago, UCR botany professor and corresponding author of the paper. 

“It is so important to measure the critical limits of when things will fail, and not just how they’re doing now,” he said.

The UCR team believes understanding the current physiological status of a plant species during stress — which so many are experiencing more often with hotter, drier temperatures in many places — can be very useful for showing how close some plants are to local extinction already. Combined with critical limit data, limited conservation funds could be even more wisely spent, revealing plants’ warning signs before they become visible.

Emory-led study finds emerging ‘forever chemicals’ in homes, drinking water and humans

Photo Credit: Pixabay

A newly released study led by researchers from Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health was one of the first to find an emerging class of “forever chemicals” in the homes, drinking water and bodies of United States residents.

There are thousands of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as “forever chemicals,” but scientists and health care experts only have sufficient data on the potential human-health impacts of a relative handful of these man-made chemical compounds. Most of the existing research has focused on the legacy and longer-chain PFAS, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), which were found to be toxic and have been banned for many years. 

However, an Emory-led study published in Environmental Science & Technology found that an emerging class of ultrashort-” and short-chain PFAS – meant to serve as replacements for the already banned PFAS compounds – are now being found in elevated levels in U.S. residents, as well as their homes and water supplies.  Ultrashort- and short-chain PFAS have fewer carbons and are more mobile, particularly in water, than legacy PFAS.