Material Science: In-Depth Description

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Materials Science is the interdisciplinary field dedicated to understanding and manipulating the relationship between the atomic or molecular structure of a material, its macroscopic properties, and how it is processed.

At its core, this discipline seeks to uncover why materials behave the way they do and how to engineer new materials with specific, tailored characteristics to solve complex technological challenges. It bridges the gap between the fundamental theory of physics and chemistry and the practical applications of engineering.

What Is: An Ecosystem

The Holocoenotic Nature of the Biosphere
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / stock image

The Genesis of a Paradigm 

The concept of the ecosystem represents one of the most significant intellectual leaps in the history of biological science. It is not merely a label for a collection of living things, but a sophisticated framework that integrates the chaotic multiplicity of the natural world into a coherent, functional unit. To understand the ecosystem is to understand the fundamental architecture of life on Earth. This report provides an exhaustive analysis of the ecosystem concept, tracing its historical lineage, dissecting its thermodynamic and biogeochemical engines, exploring its diverse manifestations across the globe, and evaluating its resilience in the face of unprecedented anthropogenic pressure. 

When Quantum Gases Refuse to Follow the Rules

The team  Frederik Møller, Philipp Schüttelkopf and Jörg Schmiedmayer
Photo Credit: © Technische Universität Wien

At TU Wien, researchers have created a one-dimensional “quantum wire” made from a gas of ultracold atoms, where mass and energy flow without friction or loss. 

In physical systems, transport takes many forms, such as electric current through a wire, heat through metal, or even water through a pipe. Each of these flows can be described by how easily the underlying quantity—charge, energy, or mass—moves through a material. Normally, collisions and friction lead to resistance causing these flows to slow down or fade away. But in a new experiment at TU Wien, scientists have observed a system where that doesn’t happen at all. 

By confining thousands of rubidium atoms to move along a single line using magnetic and optical fields, they created an ultracold quantum gas in which energy and mass move with perfect efficiency. The results, now published in the journal Science, show that even after countless collisions, the flow remains stable and undiminished, thus revealing a kind of transport that defies the rules of ordinary matter. 

Later than expected: domestic cats arrived in Europe only 2000 years ago

Cat in the old town of Şanlıurfa (southeastern Anatolia, Turkey).
Photo Credit: © Nadja Pöllath, SNSB

Cats are among the most successful domestic mammals; they are widespread throughout the world, even in the most remote areas around the globe. Their estimated number is around one billion. Earlier studies have shown that the domestic cat Felis catus descended from the North African wildcat Felis lybica lybica. 

Archaeological remains also prove that cats joined humans almost 10,000 years ago, but the complex evolution of their domestication, particularly the geographical region, the timing and the circumstances of their spread, remain largely unclear to this day. This is partly due to the scarcity of feline remains in archaeological contexts and the difficulty of attributing skeletal fragments to wild or domesticated forms. 

Stars defy the black hole: research in Cologne shows stable orbits around Sagittarius A*

Image Credit: NASA

New observations made with the ERIS instrument at the Very Large Telescope facility disprove from the assumption that the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way devours nearby dust objects. 

An international research team led by PD Dr Florian Peißker at the University of Cologne has used the new observation instrument ERIS (Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) facility in Chile to show that several so-called ‘dusty objects’ follow stable orbits around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the center of our galaxy. Earlier studies had surmised that some of these objects could be swallowed up by the black hole. New data refutes this assumption. The findings have been published under the title ‘ABCD’ in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. 

The study focused on four of these unusual celestial bodies, which have been the subject of much discussion in recent years. In particular, G2 was long regarded as a pure dust and gas cloud. It was thought to have been initially elongated by the gravitational pull of Sagittarius A*, a process known as 'spaghettification', before being destroyed. However, the specific observations made with ERIS, which captures radiation in the near-infrared range, show that G2 follows a stable orbit. This is an indication that there is a star inside the dust cloud. These results confirm that the center of the Milky Way is not only destructive but can also be surprisingly stable. 

Researchers identify key molecular mechanism in cell communication

Albert Lu (left) and Carles Enrich (right).
Photo Credit: Courtesy of University of Barcelona

A new study describes a key molecular mechanism that explains how cells exchange information through extracellular vesicles (EVs), small particles with great therapeutic potential. The results, published in the Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, reveal that the Commander protein complex, previously known for its role in membrane recycling, also coordinates the entry and internal destination of vesicles within the cell. This finding sheds light on the process of intercellular communication, which is fundamental to the development of new therapies and diagnostic tools.

The study was led by Professor Albert Lu, from the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of the UB and the CELLEX Biomedical Research Centre (IDIBAPS-UB), and María Yáñez-Mó, from the Severo Ochoa Centre for Molecular Biology (CSIC-UAM). Carles Enrich, professor at the same faculty (IDIBAPS-UB), also participated. 

According to Albert Lu, “understanding how receptor cells capture and process extracellular vesicles is essential to understanding how our body communicates at the molecular level.” “Furthermore — he continues — this knowledge is key to harnessing the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of these vesicles, since their effectiveness depends on being able to direct them and have them captured by the appropriate target cells.” 

Marine Biology: In-Depth Description

Photo Credit: Neeraj Pramanik

Marine Biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean and other brackish bodies of water. This discipline encompasses a vast spectrum of life forms, ranging from microscopic picoplankton to the blue whale, the largest animal on Earth. It is an integrative field that combines elements of geology, chemistry, physical oceanography, and biology to understand the physiology, behavior, and ecological roles of marine organisms, as well as their complex interactions with the high-salinity environment.

Research on chickens can help endangered species

The difference between a wild and a domesticated variety within a species is often greater than the difference between different species.
Photo Credit: Charlotte Perhammar

LiU researchers are mapping the genetic differences between the domestic chicken and its wild relative the junglefowl. They will now try to find out whether it is possible to use genetic engineering to “undomesticated” domesticated chickens. This could be a tool for conserving endangered species – and perhaps recreating extinct animals. 

Imagine a world without a dog – often called a man’s best friend. A world also without cows, pigs or sheep. If our ancestors had not domesticated many animals and plants a few thousand years ago, there would be no fields of grain, rapeseed or cotton. All animals would be wild. Humans would hunt, fish, and gather plants in nature to put food on the table. In short, virtually every aspect of our lives would be radically affected if the phenomenon of domestication were to be deleted from the history of the Earth. 

Counting salmon is a breeze with airborne eDNA

A male Coho salmon, featuring the characteristic hooked nose, returns to spawn from the Oregon Coast.
Photo Credit: NOAA Fisheries

During the annual salmon run last fall, University of Washington researchers pulled salmon DNA out of thin air and used it to estimate the number of fish that passed through the adjacent river. Aden Yincheong Ip, a UW research scientist of marine and environmental affairs, began formulating the driving hypothesis for the study while hiking on the Olympic Peninsula.

“I saw the fish jumping and the water splashing and I started thinking — could we recover their genetic material from the air?,” he said.

The researchers placed air filters at several sites on Issaquah Creek, near the Issaquah Salmon Hatchery in Washington. To their amazement, the filters captured Coho salmon DNA, even 10 to 12 feet from the river. Scientists collect environmental DNA, or eDNA, to identify species living in or passing through an area, but few have attempted to track aquatic species by sampling air.

Immune cells turn damage into repair

Intestines one week after abdominal irradiation, showing proliferating epithelial cells (in brown).
Image Credit: Julius Fischer / TUM 

Patients receiving intensive cancer treatments often suffer from severe damage to the intestinal lining. Researchers from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT) have discovered that certain immune cells can trigger healing processes. They use inflammatory signals to do so - which is surprising, as inflammation in the intestine was previously thought to be primarily harmful. This finding could open new possibilities for therapies. 

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a specialized type of immune cells, are usually seen as “peacekeepers” that prevent excessive immune attacks. In a study  published in Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, researchers from the Department of Radiation Oncology at the TUM University Hospital and the LIT Cooperation Group “Innate Immune Sensing in Cancer and Transplantation” uncovered how the body's own immune system can be harnessed to repair the intestinal lining and improve survival.  

Polyphenol-rich diets linked to better long-term heart health

Photo Credit: Adél Grőber

People who regularly consume polyphenol-rich foods and drinks, such as tea, coffee, berries, cocoa, nuts, whole grains and olive oil, may have better long-term heart health. 

The research, led by King’s College London, found that those with higher adherence to polyphenol-rich dietary patterns had lower predicted cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. 

Polyphenols are natural compounds found in plants that are linked to various health benefits, including improved heart, brain, and gut health. 

The study, published today in BMC Medicine, followed more than 3,100 adults from the TwinsUK cohort for over a decade, found that diets rich in specific groups of polyphenols were linked to healthier blood pressure and cholesterol profiles, contributing to lower CVD risk scores. 

Clean biogas – measurable everywhere

Ayush Agarwal worked on the analysis of biogas during his doctoral studies at the PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences at PSI.
Photo Credit: © Paul Scherrer Institute PSI/Markus Fischer

Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI have developed a new analytical method that can detect even tiny amounts of critical impurities in biogas. This procedure can be used even by small biogas plants without the need for major investment – thus facilitating the energy transition.

The market for biogas is growing. According to the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Switzerland fed 471 gigawatt hours of this fuel into the natural gas grid last year – roughly twice the amount fed in ten years ago. This comes with an increase in the need to measure impurities in the biogas quickly and reliably, because strict quality criteria apply to this green gas.  

Researchers at PSI’s Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences have now come up with a solution to this problem. The analytical method they have developed can simultaneously detect the two most critical impurities in biogas: sulfur compounds and siloxanes. They have now presented their method in the journal Progress in Energy. 

Australopithecus deyiremeda, an ancestor of the human species discovered in Ethiopia, was bipedal and climbed trees

Professor Lluís Gibert, from the University of Barcelona, is the only expert from a European institution participating in an international study based on the analysis of the bones of a fossilized foot and teeth that has revealed how Australopithecus deyiremeda, a human ancestor that coexisted more than three million years ago with Australopithecus afarensis — the famous Lucy — on the plains of East Africa, moved and fed.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of University of Barcelona

In 2009, scientists found eight bones from the foot of a human ancestor in layers of ancient sediment at the Woranso-Mille site in the central Afar region of Ethiopia. The fossil remains, known as the Burtele Foot, were discovered by a team led by paleoanthropologist Yohannes Haile-Selassie, from Arizona State University (United States), but were not assigned to any fossil species of a human ancestor from the African continent.

A study now published in the journal Nature and led by Haile-Selassie solves the mystery and reveals that Burtele Foot belongs to the species Australopithecus deyiremeda, a new hominid fossil discovered years ago by the researcher’s team at the Woranso-Mille site (Nature, 2015). Thus, the study of this fossil foot — dated to about 3.4 million years ago — reveals that A. deyiremeda was an Australopithecus that walked on two limbs (bipedalism) and also lived in trees, as indicated by the presence of a prehensile big toe like that of chimpanzees. 

The international team of experts includes Professor Lluís Gibert, from the Faculty of Earth Sciences of the University of Barcelona, who is the only researcher from a European institution to sign the study. Geological analyses were decisive for dating and linking this foot to the remains of A. deyiremeda. 

Possible therapeutic approach to treat diabetic nerve damage discovered

Longitudinal sections of two injured nerves with regenerating nerve fibers. Both specimens are from diabetic animals; in the lower image, the animal was treated with a peptide. Regeneration can be seen in the green-stained nerve fibers.
Image Credit: Dietmar Fischer / University of Cologne

Researchers have decoded the signaling pathway that inhibits nerve regeneration in diabetes and have developed a therapeutic peptide that could transform the treatment—and possibly even the prevention—of diabetic nerve damage. 

Nerve damage is one of the most common and burdensome complications of diabetes. Millions of patients worldwide suffer from pain, numbness, and restricted movement, largely because damaged nerve fibers do not regenerate sufficiently. The reasons for this are unclear. A research team led by Professor Dr Dietmar Fischer, Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Cologne’s Faculty of Medicine, and Director of the Center for Pharmacology at University Hospital Cologne, has now identified a central mechanism that explains limited regeneration in diabetes. Building on this, the researchers have developed a promising therapeutic approach that can be used to increase regeneration. Their findings were published in the ‘Science Translational Medicine’ journal under the title ‘Failure of nerve regeneration in mouse models of diabetes is caused by p35-mediated CDK5 hyperactivity’.

Researchers Warn: Climate Change Could Expand Habitats for Malaria Mosquitoes

“Our climate scenarios show that we can prevent much of this by limiting climate change.," says lead author of the study, Tiem van der Deure.
Illustration Credit: University of Copenhagen

An insistent buzzing at sunset followed by itchy, spotted legs. Here in Denmark, mosquitoes are mostly an annoying – but generally harmless – nuisance. That is far from the case in many parts of the world. 

Every year, around 600,000 people die from malaria, a mosquito-borne disease – most of them in sub-Saharan Africa, and children are the most vulnerable. This makes malaria one of the deadliest infectious diseases globally. 

A new study from the University of Copenhagen, published in Global Change Biology, shows that future climate change could create more favorable conditions for malaria mosquitoes, exposing millions of people across large parts of Africa to more dangerous mosquito bites.