Marine snow is organic debris and fecal pellets that clump together to form millimeter-long flakes as they fall through the water column.
Photo Credit: ©Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary: Marine Snow and the Biological Carbon Pump
The Core Concept: Marine snow is the continuous drift of organic debris—such as dead plankton and fecal pellets—from the ocean's surface down to the deep sea, serving as a primary mechanism for long-term carbon sequestration.
Key Distinction/Mechanism: Rather than sinking passively via gravity, these particles host microbial hitchhikers that actively dissolve calcium carbonate, the mineral acting as the particles' ballast. This localized chemical reshaping makes the particles lighter, causing them to break down at shallower depths and ultimately slowing the efficiency of the ocean's carbon sink.
Origin/History: The discovery of this microbial influence was published on March 11, 2026, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), MIT, and Rutgers University. It solves a decades-old puzzle regarding why calcium carbonate dissolves in relatively shallow waters despite seemingly stable chemical conditions.
Major Frameworks/Components:
- Biological Carbon Pump: The natural oceanic system that transfers carbon from atmospheric absorption at the surface into deep-sea storage.
- Calcium Carbonate Ballasting: The physical mechanism by which heavy minerals add weight to organic fragments, propelling them toward the ocean floor.
- Microbial Microenvironments: The localized chemical alterations driven by bacteria living directly on sinking particles, which override broader oceanic chemical conditions.
Branch of Science: Marine Geochemistry, Oceanography, and Marine Microbiology.
Future Application: These findings will be utilized to refine climate models, allowing scientists to more accurately predict how the ocean's carbon and alkalinity cycles will respond to ongoing and future environmental changes.
Why It Matters: Marine snow transports billions of tons of carbon to the deep ocean annually. Understanding the precise biological and chemical interactions that dictate its sinking behavior is crucial for evaluating the ocean's overall capacity to store carbon and regulate the global climate.
In some parts of the deep ocean, it can look like it’s snowing. This “marine snow” is the constant fall of organic debris, including dead plankton, fecal pellets, and other particles, that drifts down from the ocean’s surface. As these particles sink, they carry carbon with them, helping the ocean store carbon away from the atmosphere for centuries.
Now, a new study published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows that tiny microbial hitchhikers can impact just how far that snow sinks.
A team of researchers from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Rutgers University found that bacteria living on marine snow particles can dissolve calcium carbonate, which is a mineral that helps particles sink deeper into the ocean. Less calcium carbonate means less ballast – or weight- to help marine snow reach the bottom. The discovery helps explain a longstanding puzzle: why calcium carbonate dissolves in relatively shallow ocean waters, despite chemical conditions that should keep it intact.
“Our findings show that microbes living on sinking particles can reshape the chemistry of their immediate environment,” said lead author Benedict Borer, assistant professor of marine and coastal sciences at Rutgers University. “What happens within these microscopic particles can ultimately influence the ocean’s ability to store carbon.”
Marine snow is central to the ocean’s biological carbon pump, the natural system that moves carbon from the surface ocean into the deep sea. At the surface, phytoplankton absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into organic matter and calcium carbonate, the same mineral found in shells and corals. When these organisms die, fragments sink as marine snow. If those particles reach deep waters or the seafloor, the carbon they carry can remain stored for hundreds to thousands of years. But the new research shows that bacteria feeding on these particles can change that trajectory.
Because marine snow is responsible for transporting billions of tons of carbon to depth each year, even subtle changes in sinking behavior could affect how efficiently the ocean stores carbon. For WHOI scientists, the study underscores the importance of understanding how biological and chemical processes intersect to shape ocean systems.
Adam Subhas is a marine geochemist at WHOI and co-author of the study, “As calcium carbonate dissolves within particles, those particles become lighter and won’t sink as fast. This means that any further breakdown of organic compounds and calcium carbonate will happen at shallower depths, keeping a portion of carbon and alkalinity from reaching the deep ocean.”
“This phenomenon has been posed by scientists for decades, and our study has now opened the door to documenting its importance in the ocean’s carbon and alkalinity cycles,” Subhas continued. “Now that we know this process is occurring in marine particles, we can start to predict how it might respond to environmental change, both through earth history, and looking forward into the future.”
Funding: The study was supported in part by the Simons Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Climate Project at MIT.
Published in journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Title: Microbially enhanced dissolution of calcite in sinking marine particles
Authors: Benedict Borer, Adam V. Subhas, Matthew G. Hayden, Ryan J. Woosley, and Andrew R. Babbin
Source/Credit: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Reference Number: es031126_01
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