Boeing-Built X-37B Completes Sixth Mission, Sets New Endurance Record

The Boeing-built X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV) landed at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 5:22 a.m. ET, November 12, 2022.
Photo Credit: Boeing / U.S. Space Force

The Boeing built X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV) set a new endurance record after spending 908 days in orbit before landing at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 5:22 a.m. ET, November 12, 2022. This surpasses its previous record of 780 days on-orbit.

With the successful completion of its sixth mission the reusable spaceplane has now flown over 1.3 billion miles and spent a total of 3,774 days in space where it conducts experiments for government and industry partners with the ability to return them to Earth for evaluation.

For the first time, the vehicle carried a service module to augment the number of payloads it can haul. The module separated from the OTV prior to de-orbiting ensuring a safe and successful landing.

“This mission highlights the Space Force's focus on collaboration in space exploration and expanding low-cost access to space for our partners, within and outside of the Department of the Air Force (DAF),” said Gen. Chance Saltzman, Chief of Space Operations.

Synthetic black holes radiate like real ones

To make a synthetic black hole, just take a chain of atoms (green), and change how easy it is for an electron to jump between each atomic site, represented here by the color and width of the blue interatomic bonds. The varied bond strength in the lower chain mimics the warping of spacetime in the presence of a black hole. This way, the incredible physics of black holes can be explored in a lab on Earth.
Source/Credit:  Universiteit van Amsterdam

Black holes are the most extreme objects in the universe, packing so much mass into so little space that nothing – not even light – can escape their gravitational pull once it gets close enough.

Understanding black holes is key to unraveling the most fundamental laws governing the cosmos, because they represent the limits of two of the best-tested theories of physics: the theory of general relativity, which describes gravity as resulting from the (large-scale) warping of spacetime by massive objects, and the theory of quantum mechanics, which describes physics at the smallest length scales. To fully describe black holes, we would need to stitch these two theories together and form a theory of quantum gravity.

Radiating black holes

To achieve this goal, we might want to look at what manages to escape from black holes, rather than what gets swallowed. The event horizon is an intangible boundary around each black hole, beyond which there is no way of getting out. However, Stephen Hawking famously discovered that every black hole must emit a small amount of thermal radiation due to small quantum fluctuations around its horizon.

Altered cell behavior behind resistance in neuroblastoma

Credit: National Cancer Institute

Researchers at Lund University in Sweden have identified one of the reasons why the childhood cancer neuroblastoma becomes resistant to chemotherapy. The findings are significant for how future treatments should be designed. The results have been published in Science Advances.

Neuroblastoma is an aggressive cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, especially of the adrenal gland. Despite intense treatment with chemotherapy, the disease can be difficult to cure and the prognosis is poor for children who have the aggressive variant. One of the reasons is that the tumor often develops resistance to drugs. In order to understand what happens when the tumor becomes resistant, good disease models are needed that can mimic the complex drug treatment given to patients today:

“Tumors from patients with neuroblastoma look very different, and it is difficult to produce a model that is representative of many patients. This type of challenge often limits medical research”, explains the study's first author, Adriana Mañas, child cancer researcher at Lund University.

Probiotic ‘backpacks’ show promise for treating inflammatory bowel diseases

Probiotic bacteria (teal) coated in a layer of biomaterial as they travel through a human intestine. Attached to the bacteria are reactive oxygen species nano-scavengers.
Image Credit: Quanyin Hu

Like elite firefighters headed into the wilderness to combat an uncontrolled blaze, probiotic bacteria do a better job quelling gut inflammation when they’re equipped with the best gear.

A new study by researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison demonstrates just how much promise some well-equipped gut-friendly bacteria hold for improving treatments of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

Led by Quanyin Hu, a biomedical engineer and professor in the UW–Madison School of Pharmacy, the research builds on technology the team had previously designed. That prior technology encases beneficial bacteria within a very thin protective shell to help them survive an onslaught of stomach acids and competing microbes long enough to establish and multiply in the guts of mice.

While the technology makes orally administered probiotics more effective, IBD is a complex disease that usually involves more than gut microbial communities that are out of whack.

“IBD is a complicated disease, and you need to attack it at different angles,” says Hu.

So, Hu and his colleagues devised specialized nanoparticles to neutralize molecules implicated in IBD. They’ve also figured out a way of attaching these nanoparticle “backpacks” to beneficial bacteria after encasing them in the protective coating.

Researchers Solve Hundred-Year-Old Botanical Mystery that was Key to the Spread of Plant Life on Land

Plant material from Yale-Myers Forest and YSE greenhouses were used to study how their vascular systems are constructed and how they compare to the extinct plants from the fossil record. Without developing their vascular systems, plants would largely still look like mosses. Shown here: Huperzia lucidula, also known as Shining club-moss.
Photo Credit: courtesy of Craig Brodersen Lab.

The earliest land plants were small — just a few centimeters tall at most — and restricted to moist, boggy habitats around streams and ponds. Around 400 million years ago, however, plants developed vascular systems to extract water more efficiently from the soil and use it for photosynthesis, a transition that would forever alter the Earth’s atmosphere and ecosystems. A team of researchers have now solved a 100-year-old paleontology mystery: How did ancient plants emerge from swamps and riverbanks to new habitats with limited access to water?

In a new paper published in Science, YSE Professor of Plant Physiological Ecology Craig Brodersen and his research team, including lead author Martin Bouda ’17 PhD, ’12 MPhil and Kyra A. Prats ’22 PhD, ’16 MFS, discovered that a simple change in the vascular system of plants made them more drought-resistant, which opened up new landscapes for exploration.

The research was spurred by a century-long debate about why the simple, cylindrical vascular system of the earliest land plants rapidly changed to more complex shapes. In the 1920s, scientists noted this increasing complexity in the fossil record but were not able to pinpoint the reason — if there even was one — for the evolutionary changes.

New pterosaur species found in sub-Saharan Africa

SMU paleontologists helped find a new species of pterosaurs in Angola, where fossils of other large marine animals have been found. E. otyikokolo can be seen flying above the ocean in the ancient picture.
Artwork Credit: Karen Carr Studio.

With wings spanning nearly 16 feet, a new species of pterosaurs has been identified from the Atlantic coast of Angola.

An international team, including two vertebrate paleontologists from SMU, named the new genus and species Epapatelo otyikokolo. This flying reptile of the dinosaur age was found in the same region of Angola as fossils from large marine animals currently on display at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History.

Pterosaur fossils that date back to the Late Cretaceous are extremely rare in sub-Saharan Africa, said team member Michael J. Polcyn, research associate in the Huffington Department of Earth Sciences and senior research fellow, ISEM at SMU (Southern Methodist University).

“This new discovery gives us a much better understanding of the ecological role of the creatures that were flying above the waves of Bentiaba, on the west coast of Africa, approximately 71.5 million years ago,” Polcyn said.

Renowned paleontologist Louis L. Jacobs, SMU professor emeritus of earth sciences and president of ISEM, an interdisciplinary institute at the university, also collaborated on the research. The team’s findings were published in the journal Diversity.

Alzheimer's disease can be diagnosed before symptoms emerge

Oskar Hansson, Professor of Neurology Lund University 
Photo Credit: Kennet Ruona

A large study led by Lund University in Sweden has shown that people with Alzheimer's disease can now be identified before they experience any symptoms. It is now also possible to predict who will deteriorate within the next few years. The study is published in Nature Medicine, and is very timely in light of the recent development of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease.

It has long been known that there are two proteins linked to Alzheimer’s – beta-amyloid, which forms plaques in the brain, and tau, which at a later stage accumulates inside brain cells. Elevated levels of these proteins in combination with cognitive impairment have previously formed the basis for diagnosing Alzheimer's.

“Changes occur in the brain between ten and twenty years before the patient experiences any clear symptoms, and it is only when tau begins to spread that the nerve cells die and the person in question experiences the first cognitive problems. This is why Alzheimer's is so difficult to diagnose in its early stages”, explains Oskar Hansson, senior physician in neurology at Skåne University Hospital and professor at Lund University.

He has now led a large international research study that was carried out with 1,325 participants from Sweden, the US, the Netherlands and Australia. The participants did not have any cognitive impairment at the beginning of the study. By using PET scans, the presence of tau and amyloid in the participants' brains could be visualized. The people in whom the two proteins were discovered were found to be at a 20-40 times higher risk of developing the disease at follow-up a few years later, compared to the participants who had no biological changes.

Friendly monkeys have friendly microbes

More sociable monkeys have a higher abundance of certain beneficial gut bacteria, and a lower abundance of potentially disease-causing bacteria, new research has found.

The study involved analyzing social network data from a population of non-captive macaques on the island of Cayo Santiago, off Puerto Rico, and combining this with sequencing data to assess their individual gut microbiota.

The researchers found that monkeys that engage in social interactions were more likely to have an abundance of gut microbes that are known to benefit the immune system, and were less likely to have an abundance of potentially harmful bacteria. The analyses controlled for other factors that could affect the microbiome, including age, season, sex and rank within the group’s hierarchy.

The study was conducted by Dr Katerina Johnson at the University of Oxford's Department of Psychiatry, in collaboration with Dr Karli Watson from the University of Colorado Boulder, alongside Oxford professors Robin Dunbar and Philip Burnet.

Linking Mass Extinctions to the Expansion and Radiation of Land Plants

Ymer Island, Greenland, during the collection of the Heintzbjerg sample sequence used in this study. In the foreground looking down the slope is the Zoologdalen Formation. The body of water is the Dusen Fjord, which separates the northern and southern portions of Ymer Island.
Photo Credit: John Marshall, University of Southampton.

The Devonian Period, 419 to 358 million years ago, was one of the most turbulent times in Earth’s past and was marked by at least six significant marine extinctions, including one of the five largest mass extinctions ever to have occurred. Additionally, it was during the Devonian that trees and complex land plants similar to those we know today first evolved and spread across the landscape. This evolutionary advancement included the development of significant and complex root systems capable of affecting soil biogeochemistry on a scale the ancient Earth had yet to experience.

It has been theorized that these two seemingly separate events, marine extinctions and plant evolution and expansion, were intricately linked in the Devonian. Specifically, it has been proposed that plant evolution and root development occurred so rapidly and on such a massive scale that nutrient export from the land to the ancient oceans would have drastically increased. This scenario is seen in modern systems where anthropogenically sourced nutrient export has vastly increased the nutrient load into areas such as the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes, leading to large-scale algal blooms that ultimately deplete the oxygen in the water column. This effect, known as eutrophication, magnified on a global scale, would have been catastrophic to ancient oceans, fueling algal blooms that would have depleted most of the ocean’s oxygen.

Breathing may measurably modulate neural responses across brain

Wenyu Tu, co-author on the eLife paper and doctoral student in neuroscience in the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, sets up a functional MRI experiment. Functional MRI was used in conjunction with neuronal electrophysiology to identify a link between respiration and neural activity changes.
Photo Credit: Kelby Hochreither/Penn State

Mental health practitioners and meditation gurus have long credited intentional breathing with the ability to induce inner calm, but scientists do not fully understand how the brain is involved in the process. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electrophysiology, researchers in the Penn State College of Engineering identified a potential link between respiration and neural activity changes in rats.

Their results were made available online ahead of publication in eLife. The researchers used simultaneous multi-modal techniques to clear the noise typically associated with brain imaging and pinpoint where breathing regulated neural activity.

“There are roughly a million papers published on fMRI — a non-invasive imaging technique that allows researchers to examine brain activity in real time,” said Nanyin Zhang, founding director of the Penn State Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research and professor of biomedical engineering. “Imaging researchers used to believe that respiration is a non-neural physiological artifact, like a heartbeat or body movement, in fMRI imaging. Our paper introduces the idea that respiration has a neural component: It affects the fMRI signal by modulating neural activity.”

By scanning the brainwaves of rodents in a resting state under anesthesia using fMRI, researchers revealed a network of brain regions involved in respiration.

Scientists Created Model to Determine Risks of Sudden Cardiac Arrest

According to Maksim Kashtanov, Sverdlovsk doctors perform 20-30 operations a year for this genetic disease.
Photo Credit: from Maksim Kashtanov's personal archive

European and Russian scientists have developed a model for predicting the risks of sudden cardiac arrest after alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). In other words, after surgery to remove a hypertrophic fragment of the left ventricular septum, which prevents normal blood flow to the aorta. The created model is a new word in science: before that the regularities of sudden cardiac arrest after ASA have not been investigated, the modern system of risk assessment for postoperative patients was absent. Meanwhile, HOCM is the cause of 30% of cases of sudden cardiac arrest.

The researchers' recommendations will contribute to the timely identification of patients at risk of sudden cardiac arrest after alcohol septal ablation and to the most effective treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. An article about the research was published in the American Journal of Cardiology.

The researchers analyzed the medical histories of more than 1,830 patients seen in clinics in Germany, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Russia. The analysis covered the period from 1996 to 2021. The study is the most extensive and in-depth to date. In developing the model, the authors used Russian statistics that have been forming since 2001. Data from Russia - Ekaterinburg and St. Petersburg - accounted for one-third of the statistical base of the study.

Rejuvenated immune cells can improve clearance of toxic waste from brain

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers determined that specialized immune cells surrounding the brain, known as parenchymal border macrophages, control the fluid flow responsible for sweeping toxic waste from the brain, and that rejuvenating these cells in older subjects restores efficient waste clearance.
• Methodology: Scientists examined the cerebrospinal fluid flow in mice by depleting and impairing their border macrophages, which predictably caused neurological debris to accumulate. They subsequently treated aged mice with an immune-stimulating protein to successfully restore macrophage activity and normalize fluid dynamics.
• Key Data: Human brain fluid flow naturally begins to decline at approximately age 50, a physiological phenomenon mirrored in older mice, which exhibit a severe scarcity of the specific border macrophages necessary for efficient waste clearance.
• Significance: This discovery reveals a highly accessible therapeutic target for neurodegenerative conditions, shifting the scientific focus from attempting to revive dead or dying neurons to modifying the immune cells located on the brain's periphery.
• Future Application: Pharmacological treatments that target, boost, or replace parenchymal border macrophages could be utilized to slow, delay, or prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.
• Branch of Science: Neuroscience and Neuroimmunology

Study provides first snapshot of global experiences with water insecurity

A new study by Northwestern anthropologists reveals the life-altering problems with water that have long gone hidden. 
Photo Credit: Charles Nambasi

Countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa have experienced severe droughts and unprecedented floods in the last year. New research from Northwestern University is the first to provide a more nuanced and global view of the experience of water insecurity.

In a new study published in The Lancet Planetary Health, scientists estimate that 436 million of the 3 billion adults represented by the survey sample were water insecure in 2021. The researchers also were able to pinpoint which groups experience the highest rates of water insecurity.

The study, led by Northwestern anthropologist Sera Young, uses data drawn from a nationally representative sample of nearly half the world’s population and a scale designed to measure water insecurity more holistically.

Young is an associate professor of anthropology and global health studies at Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and a faculty fellow at the Institute for Policy Research (IPR) at Northwestern. Study collaborators include Hilary Bethancourt, assistant research professor of anthropology and IPR at Northwestern.

“These data bring a human face to the water sector, thereby revealing life-altering problems with water that have long gone hidden,” Young said.

Five times more rangers needed to manage protected areas worldwide by 2030

Ranger in Patagonia National Park, Chile.
Photo Credit: Jan Vincent Kleine, Rewilding Chile

The first study of its kind outlines an urgent need for larger numbers and better-supported protected area staff to ensure the health of life on Earth. In a new scientific paper published in Nature Sustainability, an international team of scientists, including one from University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, argue that there are not enough rangers and other staff to manage the current protected areas around the world. This is the first estimate of the global number of protected area personnel since 1999 and the first to specifically include rangers.

The study comes ahead of the global meeting of the Conference of the Parties in Montréal, Canada, December 7–15, which decides new targets for conservation. The authors urge governments, donors, private landowners and non-governmental organizations to increase the numbers of rangers and other staff five-fold in order to meet global biodiversity conservation goals that have economic, cultural and ecosystem benefits.

“Sufficient staffing is fundamental to the success of conservation initiatives,” said Eleanor Sterling, study co-author and director of the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology in the UH Mānoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST). “Protected area personnel have a critical role to play in ensuring implementation of this conservation strategy honors local and national values.”

The World Will Probably Warm Beyond the 1.5-Degree Limit. But Peak Warming Can Be Curbed.

More ambitious climate pledges could bring net-zero carbon dioxide emissions within this century, according to new research. Such a path is marked by rapid transformations throughout the global energy system and the scaling up of low-carbon technologies like renewables, nuclear energy, as well as carbon capture and storage, said the new study's authors.   
Photo Credit: Andrea Starr | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

The world’s current climate pledges are insufficient to keep the goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement firmly within grasp. Global warming will likely surpass the 1.5-degree Celsius limit.

We are going to overshoot.

But countries can curb time spent in a warmer world by adopting more ambitious climate pledges and decarbonizing faster, according to new research led by scientists at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the University of Maryland and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Doing so, they warn, is the only way to minimize the overshoot.

While exceeding the 1.5-degree limit appears inevitable, the researchers chart several potential courses in which the overshoot period is shortened, in some cases by decades. The study published today in the journal Nature Climate Change, during the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as COP27, held in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.

“Let’s face it. We are going to breach the 1.5 degrees limit in the next couple of decades,” said corresponding author and PNNL scientist Haewon McJeon. “That means we’ll go up to 1.6 or 1.7 degrees or above, and we’ll need to bring it back down to 1.5. But how fast we can bring it down is key.”