Ancient tooth proteins reveal the history of mass violence at an Iron Age burial site

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary: Mass Violence at an Iron Age Burial Site

• Main Discovery: The majority of over 77 individuals found in a 2,800-year-old mass grave in the Carpathian Basin were women and children, indicating a targeted mass-killing event rather than standard battlefield casualties.
• Methodology: Researchers extracted and analyzed microscopic protein fragments from ancient human tooth enamel, identifying molecular signatures from X and Y chromosomes to determine biological sex, while utilizing genetic and isotope analysis to trace victim relationships and geographic origins.
• Key Data: The single-event mass grave contained the remains of more than 77 victims alongside the bones of up to 100 animals. Genetic and isotope testing confirmed that very few of the victims were biologically related and that they originally grew up in varying, distinct settlements.
• Significance: The unusual demographic makeup of the victims reveals that age- and gender-selective killings were used as a deliberate tactic in prehistoric Europe to enact mass violence, balance power relations, and assert dominance over territories and resources.
• Future Application: The simplification and refinement of these protein extraction methods will provide the broader archaeological community with accessible, reliable tools to determine the demographic profiles of human remains utilizing tooth enamel, which can preserve proteins for millions of years.
• Branch of Science: Archaeology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Bioarchaeology.
• Additional Detail: Despite the brutal nature of the deaths, which included bludgeoning and stabbing, the Gomolava burial site demonstrated significant preparation and contained personal items such as jewelry and bronze ornaments, suggesting the location was deliberately constructed as a memorial for the killings.

Archaeobotany: In-Depth Description

Archaeobotany, frequently used interchangeably with paleoethnobotany, is the multidisciplinary scientific study of past human-plant interactions through the recovery, identification, and analysis of plant remains from archaeological contexts. Its primary goal is to reconstruct ancient environments, understand the evolutionary origins and spread of agriculture, and illuminate how past societies utilized flora for food, medicine, fuel, construction, and ritual purposes.

New study maps where wheat, barley and rye grew before the first farmers found them

Archaeobotanist Amaia Arranz-Otaegui, co-author of the study, samples wild plants near Ma'in in Jordan.
Photo Credit: Joe Roe

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Ancestors of key crops like wheat, barley, and rye were significantly less widespread in the Middle East 12,000 years ago than previously believed, surviving primarily in a "refugium" along the Mediterranean coast of the Levant.
• Methodology: Researchers combined large open datasets on modern plant distribution with machine learning and "backward-turned" IPCC climate simulations to reconstruct ancient ecological niches and plant suitability.
• Key Data: The study modeled the geographic ranges of 65 wild plant species associated with early farming during the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene (approximately 14,700 to 8,300 years ago).
• Significance: This challenges traditional theories that wild crops expanded with warmer post-Ice Age climates, instead suggesting these species were well-adapted to cold, dry conditions before human domestication.
• Future Application: The modeling approach establishes a new, bias-free method for reconstructing past ecosystems and the origins of agriculture, independent of the preservation limitations inherent in archaeological records.
• Branch of Science: Archaeology, Archaeobotany, and Paleoclimatology.
• Additional Detail: Published in Open Quaternary, the findings indicate that the "Fertile Crescent" progenitors were historically concentrated in much more specific, climatically stable zones than previously mapped.

5,300-year-old ‘bow drill’ rewrites story of ancient Egyptian tools

Bow drill in action, New Kingdom tomb painting from Western Thebes, Tomb of Rekhmire, object 31.6.25,
Image Credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
(public domain)

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: A re-examination of a copper-alloy artifact from Badari, Upper Egypt, identifies it as the earliest known rotary metal drill, dating to the Predynastic period (late 4th millennium BCE).
• Methodology: Researchers utilized optical magnification to detect rotary wear patterns (striations and rounded edges) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) to determine the chemical composition of the metal.
• Key Data: The 5,300-year-old tool measures 63 mm in length, weighs 1.5 grams, and consists of a specialized alloy containing copper, arsenic, nickel, lead, and silver.
• Significance: This discovery challenges established timelines by demonstrating that Egyptian craftspeople mastered complex rotary mechanics and specialized alloying techniques more than two millennia earlier than previously evidenced by New Kingdom artefacts.
• Future Application: The study establishes a framework for applying modern analytical techniques to legacy museum collections, potentially revealing technological histories hidden within misidentified catalog items.
• Branch of Science: Archaeology and Archaeometallurgy
• Additional Detail: The artifact preserves six coils of leather thong wound around the shaft, interpreted as rare organic remnants of the bowstring used to power the rotary mechanism.

Curtin scientists freeze out ice-age delivery theory for Stonehenge stones

Dr Anthony Clarke at Stonehenge
Photo Credit: Courtesy of Curtin University

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Recent geological analysis provides the strongest evidence to date that Stonehenge’s massive stones were transported by humans rather than glacial movement during the Ice Age, effectively debunking the long-standing "glacial transport theory."
• Methodology: Researchers conducted advanced geochemical "fingerprinting" and geochronological dating on over 500 microscopic zircon crystals extracted from river sands and sediments across the Salisbury Plain, specifically looking for foreign mineral signatures that glaciers would have deposited.
• Key Data: The analysis revealed a complete absence of distinct mineral grains from the known Scottish or Welsh source rocks in the local Salisbury sediment; had glaciers moved the stones, trace minerals matching the Altar Stone (Scotland) or bluestones (Wales) would be abundant in the surrounding terrain.
• Significance: This finding firmly establishes that the transport of the six-tonne Altar Stone over 750 kilometers and the bluestones over 200 kilometers was a deliberate feat of Neolithic engineering and societal organization, likely involving complex maritime or overland trade networks.
• Future Application: The isotopic and mineral dating techniques refined in this study will be applied to other ancient monuments and artifacts globally to trace their origins and uncover prehistoric movement patterns without damaging the objects.
• Branch of Science: Geology, Geochemistry, and Archaeology.
• Additional Detail: This study follows the team's 2024 discovery which pinpointed the Altar Stone’s origin to the Orcadian Basin in northeast Scotland, a distance previously thought impossible for manual transport in that era.

Mineralized dental plaque from the Iron Age provides insight into the diet of the Scythians

A Scythian. Found in the kurgan Olon-Kurin-Gol 10, Altai Mountains, Mongolia.
Image Credit: reconstruction by Dimitri Pozdniako
(Wikimedia CC 4.0)

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Analysis of mineralized dental plaque from the Iron Age provides the first direct biomolecular evidence that Scythian populations consumed milk from various ruminants and horses.
• Methodology: Researchers performed paleoproteomic analysis on dental calculus samples collected from 28 individuals excavated at the Bilsk and Mamai-Gora archaeological sites in modern-day Ukraine to identify preserved dietary proteins.
• Key Data: Specific milk proteins from cattle, sheep, or goats were identified in six individuals, while horse milk proteins were detected in a single sample, physically validating ancient textual references to mare's milk consumption.
• Significance: The findings challenge the traditional simplified narrative of Scythians as uniform nomadic warriors, supporting a more nuanced model of a multi-ethnic society with diverse subsistence strategies including pastoralism and local sedentarism.
• Future Application: This proteomic methodology will be scaled to analyze larger cohorts across the Eurasian steppe to map regional dietary variations, social stratifications, and temporal changes in Iron Age food systems.
• Branch of Science: Bioarchaeology and Paleoproteomics
• Additional Detail: The isolation of horse milk proteins in only one individual raises questions about potential social hierarchies, suggesting that consumption of specific dairy products may have been restricted or culturally significant.

How climate change contributed to the demise of the Tang dynasty

Climatic and sociocultural changes may have contributed significantly to the demise of the Tang dynasty by weakening border defenses.
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Hydroclimatic instability, characterized by extreme droughts and floods between 800 and 907 CE, functioned as a critical driver in the socio-political collapse of the Tang Dynasty.
• Methodology: Researchers reconstructed historical runoff behavior in the Yellow River basin by analyzing long-term tree-ring data archives to model local hydroclimatic trends during the 9th century.
• Specific Mechanism: Vulnerability to climate extremes was exacerbated by an agricultural shift from drought-resistant millet to water-intensive wheat and rice, resulting in uncompensated crop failures during dry periods.
• Systemic Consequences: Compounded by collapsed supply corridors, widespread malnutrition weakened northern border defenses and precipitated mass migration southward, destabilizing the empire's political structure.
• Significance: The study establishes a historical precedent for how environmental stressors, when intersecting with specific socio-cultural choices, can trigger irreversible tipping points in complex societal systems.

Hygienic conditions in Pompeii’s early baths were poor

Pools of the oldest public bathing facilities in Pompeii, dating back to 130 BC
Photo Credit:© Cees Passchier

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Isotope analysis of carbonate deposits reveals that Pompeii’s early "Republican Baths" (c. 130 BC) maintained poor hygienic conditions, relying on stagnant, highly mineralized well water rather than fresh aqueduct supplies.
• Methodology: Researchers reconstructed the ancient water supply by analyzing stable isotopes and trace elements in limescale (calcium carbonate) samples collected from the city’s wells, water towers, and bath pools.
• Key Data: Anthropogenic deposits contained distinct peaks of lead, zinc, and copper, indicating significant heavy metal contamination caused by the corrosion of the facility's boilers and pipes.
• Mechanism: Prior to the Augustan aqueduct, water was extracted via slave-powered treadwheels; this labor-intensive process limited water renewal to roughly once per day, failing to flush contaminants effectively.
• Significance: The findings challenge the historical assumption of uniformly high Roman hygiene, demonstrating that superior sanitation standards were only achievable after the introduction of high-volume aqueduct infrastructure.
• Volcanic Insight: Cyclic patterns observed in the carbon isotopes of well deposits suggest fluctuating volcanic CO₂ levels, potentially serving as a paleo-record of Mount Vesuvius's activity prior to the AD 79 eruption.

Archaeologists use lasers to locate ancient settlements and artefacts on Greek Islands

The small island of Palatia off Naxos has been investigated by the researchers.
Photo Credit: The Small Cycladic Islands Project

The Cyclades are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece. Made up of more than 200 islands, the Cyclades attract millions of tourists each year for holidays on islands like Mykonos and Santorini. But recent studies have revealed that before the luxury villas took over the islands, the Cyclades have been home to humans in not only ancient Greece, but in prehistoric times as well. 

As part of several international teams, archaeologist Evan Levine from the University of Copenhagen is using groundbreaking technological methods such as LIDAR and magnetometry to shed new light on the archaeology of the Cycladic islands. 

Later than expected: domestic cats arrived in Europe only 2000 years ago

Cat in the old town of Şanlıurfa (southeastern Anatolia, Turkey).
Photo Credit: © Nadja Pöllath, SNSB

Cats are among the most successful domestic mammals; they are widespread throughout the world, even in the most remote areas around the globe. Their estimated number is around one billion. Earlier studies have shown that the domestic cat Felis catus descended from the North African wildcat Felis lybica lybica. 

Archaeological remains also prove that cats joined humans almost 10,000 years ago, but the complex evolution of their domestication, particularly the geographical region, the timing and the circumstances of their spread, remain largely unclear to this day. This is partly due to the scarcity of feline remains in archaeological contexts and the difficulty of attributing skeletal fragments to wild or domesticated forms. 

Extensive dog diversity millennia before modern breeding practices

Photograph of a modern dog skull used for the photogrammetric reconstruction of 3D models in the study.
Photo Credit: C. Ameen / University of Exeter

A groundbreaking archaeological study has revealed when domestic dogs first began to show the remarkable diversity that characterizes them today. By applying cutting-edge shape analysis to hundreds of archaeological specimens spanning tens of thousands of years, researchers have traced the emergence of distinct dog forms deep into prehistory pinpointing the moment dogs began to diversify in size and shape – at least 11,000 years ago. 

These findings challenge long-standing assumptions that canine diversity is largely a recent phenomenon shaped by selective breeding which started with the Victorian Kennel Clubs. Instead, the study demonstrates that significant variation in skull shape and size among domestic dogs was already present thousands of years ago, soon after their divergence from wolves. 

Archaeology: In-Depth Description

Archeology works at Iža locality near Komárno
Photo Credit: Trnava University

Archaeology (Branch of Anthropology) is the scientific study of the human past through the recovery and analysis of material remains. It seeks to reconstruct and understand past human behaviors, cultural practices, and societal development by examining the artifacts, structures, and environmental data that people left behind.

Archaeology is the primary method for investigating human history before the invention of writing (representing ~99% of the human story), and it provides a crucial complementary perspective for time periods that do have written records.

Detection of air-filled anomalies in Menkaure Pyramid could indicate new entrance

Researchers have identified two air-filled voids in the Menkaure Pyramid
Photo Credit: ScanPyramids project  

Researchers from Cairo University and TUM, as part of the ScanPyramids research project, have identified two hidden air-filled anomalies in the third-largest pyramid of Giza. The hypothesis of a possible entrance at this point on the eastern side of the Menkaure pyramid had existed for some time. The investigations using radar, ultrasound, and ERT prove the existence of two air-filled voids underneath the eastern facade, providing initial evidence to support the hypothesis.

For some time now, the structure of the granite blocks on the eastern side of the more than 60-meter-high Menkaure pyramid has puzzled researchers. The stones are remarkably polished over an area around four meters high and six meters wide. Such smooth stones are otherwise only found at what is currently the only entrance to the pyramid, on the north side. Researcher Stijn van den Hoven hypothesized a possible additional entrance for the first time in 2019.

What Is: Extinction Level Events

A Chronicle of Earth's Biotic Crises and an Assessment of Future Threats
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Defining Biotic Catastrophe

The history of life on Earth is a story of breathtaking diversification and innovation, but it is punctuated by chapters of profound crisis. These are the extinction level events—catastrophes of such magnitude that they fundamentally reset the planet's biological clock. Popular imagination often pictures a single, sudden event, like the asteroid that sealed the fate of the dinosaurs. The geological reality, however, is more complex and, in many ways, more instructive for our current era. Understanding these events requires a rigorous scientific framework that moves beyond simple notions of species loss to appreciate the systemic collapse of entire global ecosystems.

Archaeologists uncover 5,000-year-old ceremonial site in Jordan

Dolmen found at Murayghat in Jordan.
Photo Credit: Susanne Kerner, University of Copenhagen

A research team led by the University of Copenhagen has uncovered a remarkable Early Bronze Age ritual landscape at Murayghat in Jordan. The discovery can shed new light on how ancient communities responded to social and environmental change.

How did ancient cultures respond to crises and the collapse of the established social order? The 5,000-year-old Early Bronze Age site of Murayghat in Jordan, which has been extensively excavated by archaeologists from the University of Copenhagen, may hold an answer.

Murayghat emerged after the decline of the so-called Chalcolithic culture (ca. 4500–3500 BCE), a period known for its domestic settlements, rich symbolic traditions, copper artifacts, and small cultic shrines.  

Easter Island’s statues actually “walked” – and physics backs it up

A research team including Binghamton University archaeologist Carl Lipo has confirmed via 3D modeling and field experiments that the ancient people of Rapa Nui "walked" the iconic moai statues.
 Photo Credit: Carl Lipo

For years, researchers have puzzled over how the ancient people of Rapa Nui did the seemingly impossible and moved their iconic moai statues. Using a combination of physics, 3D modeling and on-the-ground experiments, a team including faculty at Binghamton University, State University of New York, has confirmed that the statues actually walked – with a little rope and remarkably few people.

Studying nearly 1,000 moai statues, Binghamton University Professor of Anthropology Carl Lipo and the University of Arizona’s Terry Hunt found that the people of Rapa Nui likely used rope and “walked” the giant statues in a zig-zag motion along carefully designed roads.

Rock art shows earliest known human return to Arabia after the last Ice Age

Rock art has led scientists to revise the timeline of humans repopulating Saudi deserts.
Photo Credit: Sahout Rock Art and Archaeology Project

An international team of scientists, including from Saudi Arabia, use rock art and sediment samples to find that humans returned to Arabia earlier than previously thought after the last ice age  

The Heritage Commission has, in collaboration with an internation team including King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), revealed in Nature Communications the discovery of life-sized rock art panels in the Nefud Desert that were carved 12 000 years ago. 

These findings shift the timelines of when humans and wildlife repopulated the interior desert areas of Saudi Arabia after the Last Glacial Maximum by several thousand years.    

These findings, which can be read in Nature Communications, shift the timelines of when humans and wildlife repopulated the interior desert areas of Saudi Arabia after the Last Glacial Maximum by several thousand years.   

Researchers find the oldest hippopotamus ivory object in the Iberian Peninsula

The oldest hippopotamus ivory object found in the Iberian Peninsula
Photo Credit: University of Barcelona

Researchers at the Prehistoric Studies and Research Seminar (SERP) of the University of Barcelona have identified the oldest piece made of hippopotamus ivory in the Iberian Peninsula. This finding comes from the site in Bòbila Madurell (Sant Quirze del Vallès, Barcelona), dating from the second quarter of the third millennium BC, during the Copper Age.  At that time, there was no hippopotamus ivory in the Mediterranean. Therefore, this object opens up new perspectives for the study of long-distance exchange networks with the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. The discovery has been published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.

Archaeologists find ‘lost’ site depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry

The Bayeux Tapestry, showing King Harold riding to Bosham, where he attends
Photo Credit: Courtesy of University of Exeter

Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that a house in England is the site of the lost residence of Harold, the last Anglo-Saxon King of England.

By reinterpreting previous excavations and conducting new surveys, the team from Newcastle University and the University of Exeter, believe they have located a power center belonging to Harold Godwinson, who was killed in the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Bosham, on the coast of West Sussex, is depicted twice in the Bayeux Tapestry, which famously narrates the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 when William, Duke of Normandy, challenged Harold for the throne.

The Tapestry culminates in Williams’s victory at Hastings, but earlier in the artwork Bosham is shown as the place where Harold enjoys a feast in an extravagant hall before setting sail for France, and again on his return.

Prehistoric henge reveals centuries-old sacred site in Lincolnshire

An aerial view of the excavation site at Crowland.
Photo Credit: The Anchor Church Field Project

Archaeologists from Newcastle University have unearthed evidence for an evolving sacred landscape spanning centuries in Crowland, Lincolnshire.

Crowland today is dominated by the ruins of its medieval abbey. However, local tradition holds that the area was the site of an Anglo-Saxon hermitage belonging to Saint Guthlac, who died in the year 714 and was famed for his life of solitude, having given up a life of riches as the son of a nobleman.

When his uncorrupted body was discovered 12 months after his death, Guthlac was venerated by a small monastic community dedicated to his memory. Guthlac’s popularity while he was alive, and the success of this cult and the pilgrimage it inspired, were key factors in the establishment of Crowland Abbey in the 10th century to honor the saint.

Early historical sources for Guthlac’s life exist, mainly through the Vita Sancti Guthlaci (Life of Saint Guthlac) written shortly after his death by a monk called Felix. Although there is little other evidence about his life, it was believed that Guthlac created his hermitage from a previously plundered barrow, or burial mound. For years, archaeologists have tried to find its location, and while Anchor Church Field was widely held to be the most likely site, the lack of excavation and the increasing impact of agricultural activity in the area have prevented a comprehensive understanding of the area.   

The team, which also included experts from the University of Sheffield, excavated Anchor Church Field and, to their surprise, found a much more complex and older history than they expected.

The first discovery they made was a previously unknown Late Neolithic or early Bronze Age henge, a type of circular earthwork and one of the largest ever discovered in eastern England.