Astronomy: In-Depth Description

James Webb Space Telescope view of IRAS 04302+2247, a planet-forming disc located about 525 light-years away in a dark cloud within the Taurus star-forming region.
Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, M. Villenave et al.

Astronomy is the natural science dedicated to the study of all celestial objects and phenomena originating beyond Earth's atmosphere. Its primary goals are to understand the physical and chemical properties of these objects, their origins and evolution, and the fundamental laws governing the universe as a whole.

Artificial Intelligence: In-Depth Description

Futuristic AI mainframe
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / AI Generated

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science focused on building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language comprehension. The primary goal is not just to mimic human thought but to create systems that can learn from data, identify patterns, and make autonomous decisions to solve complex problems, often with greater speed and accuracy than humans.

Archaeology: In-Depth Description

Archeology works at Iža locality near Komárno
Photo Credit: Trnava University

Archaeology (Branch of Anthropology) is the scientific study of the human past through the recovery and analysis of material remains. It seeks to reconstruct and understand past human behaviors, cultural practices, and societal development by examining the artifacts, structures, and environmental data that people left behind.

Archaeology is the primary method for investigating human history before the invention of writing (representing ~99% of the human story), and it provides a crucial complementary perspective for time periods that do have written records.

Anthropology: In-Depth Description

Easter Island, a Chilean territory, is a remote volcanic island in Polynesia. Its native name is Rapa Nui. It’s famed for archaeological sites, including nearly 900 monumental statues called moai, created by inhabitants during the 13th–16th centuries. The moai are carved human figures with oversize heads, often resting on massive stone pedestals called ahus. Ahu Tongariki has the largest group of upright moai.
Photo Credit: Sofia Cristina Córdova Valladares

Anthropology (Main Branch) is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. It seeks to understand every aspect of the human condition—our origins, development, and diversity—across all of in time and space.

The discipline's primary goal is to answer the question: "What does it mean to be human?" To do this, it synthesizes knowledge from social sciences, natural sciences, and the humanities, examining our biology, culture, language, and history collectively.

What Is: Hormones

The "Chemical Messenger"
The Endocrine System and Chemical Communication
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

The Silent Orchestrators

Hormones are the silent orchestrators of the human body. They are the unseen chemical messengers that, in infinitesimally small quantities, conduct the complex symphony of life. These powerful molecules control and regulate nearly every critical function, from our mood, sleep, and metabolism to our growth, energy levels, and reproductive functions.

At its most fundamental level, a hormone is a chemical substance produced by a gland, organ, or specialized tissue in one part of the body. It is then released—typically into the bloodstream—to travel to other parts of the body, where it acts on specific "target cells" to coordinate function.

The power of this system, which has identified over 50 distinct hormones in humans, lies in its exquisite specificity. Although hormones circulate throughout the entire body, reaching every cell, they only affect the cells that are equipped to listen. This is governed by the "lock and key" principle: target cells possess specific "receptors," either on their surface or inside the cell, that are shaped to bind only to a compatible hormone. This report will delve into the world of these powerful molecules, exploring the intricate system that creates them, the chemical language they speak, and the profound, lifelong impact they have on our daily health and well-being.

OHSU researchers develop promising drug for aggressive breast cancer

New research reveals a drug developed by scientists at Oregon Health & Science University may develop into a new treatment for an especially aggressive form of breast cancer.
Photo Credit: Oregon Health & Science University

A new molecule developed by researchers at Oregon Health & Science University offers a promising avenue to treat intractable cases of triple-negative breast cancer — a form of cancer that is notoriously aggressive and lacks effective treatments.

In a study published today in the journal Cell Reports Medicine, researchers describe the effect of a molecule known as SU212 to inhibit an enzyme that is critical to cancer progression. The research was conducted in a humanized mouse model.

“It’s an important step forward to treat triple-negative breast cancer,” said senior author Sanjay V. Malhotra, Ph.D., co-director of the Center for Experimental Therapeutics in the OHSU Knight Cancer Institute. “Triple-negative breast cancer is an aggressive form of cancer and there are no effective drugs available right now.”

McGill-led team maps ‘weather’ on a nearby brown dwarf in unprecedented detail

Study reveals patchy clouds and shifting atmospheric layers on a free-floating planetary-mass object just 20 light-years away, offering potential insights into planet and star formation
Image Credit: Anastasiia Nahurna.

Researchers at McGill University and collaborating institutions have mapped the atmospheric features of a planetary-mass brown dwarf, a type of space object that is neither a star nor a planet, existing in a category in-between. This particular brown dwarf’s mass, however, is just at the threshold between being a Jupiter-like planet and a brown dwarf. It has thus also been called a free-floating, or rogue, planet, not bound to a star. Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the team captured subtle changes in light from SIMP 0136, revealing complex, evolving weather patterns across its surface.

“Despite the fact that right now we cannot directly image habitable planets around other stars, we can develop methods of learning about the meteorology and atmospheric composition on very similar worlds,” said Roman Akhmetshyn, a McGill MSc student in physics and the study's lead author.

Deep-sea mining waste threatens life and food webs in ocean’s dim “twilight zone”

Illustration showing midwater impacts of deep sea mining operations. Image credit: Dowd et al 2025 (Nature Communications)
Illustration Credit: Amanda Merritt

A new study led by researchers at the University of Hawai‘i (UH) at Mānoa is the first of its kind to show that waste discharged from deep-sea mining operations in the Pacific’s biodiverse Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) could disrupt marine life in the midwater “twilight zone” — a vital region 200-1,500 meters below sea level that supports vast communities of zooplankton, tiny animals that serve as the ocean’s basic food building blocks. Specifically, it finds that 53% of all zooplankton and 60% of micronekton, which feed on zooplankton, would be impacted by the discharge, which could ultimately impact predators higher up on the food web.  

“When the waste released by mining activity enters the ocean, it creates water as murky as the mud-filled Mississippi River. The pervasive particles dilute the nutritious, natural food particles usually consumed by tiny, drifting Zooplankton,” said Michael Dowd, lead author of the study and Oceanography graduate student in the UH Mānoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST). “Micronekton, small shrimp, fish and other animals that swim, feed on zooplankton. Some migrate between the depths and near surface waters and they are consumed by fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Zooplankton’s exposure to junk food sediment has the potential  to disrupt  the entire food web.” 

Researchers create simple method for viewing microscopic fibers

Computational scattered light imaging shows the orientation and organization of tissue fibers at micrometer resolution. The colors represent different fiber orientations.
Image Credit: Marios Georgiadis

Every tissue in the human body contains a network of microscopic fibers. Muscle fibers direct mechanical forces, intestinal fibers are involved in gut mobility, and brain fibers transmit signals and form the communication network to drive cognition. Together, these fibers shape how organs function and help maintain their structure.

Likewise, almost all diseases involve some form of degeneration or disruption of these fiber networks. In the brain, this translates to disturbances in neural connectivity that are found in all neurological disorders.

Despite their biological importance, these microscopic fibers have been difficult to study, as scientists have struggled to visualize their orientations within tissues.

Now, Stanford Medicine researchers and their colleagues have developed a simple, low-cost approach that makes those hidden structures visible in remarkable detail.

Detection of air-filled anomalies in Menkaure Pyramid could indicate new entrance

Researchers have identified two air-filled voids in the Menkaure Pyramid
Photo Credit: ScanPyramids project  

Researchers from Cairo University and TUM, as part of the ScanPyramids research project, have identified two hidden air-filled anomalies in the third-largest pyramid of Giza. The hypothesis of a possible entrance at this point on the eastern side of the Menkaure pyramid had existed for some time. The investigations using radar, ultrasound, and ERT prove the existence of two air-filled voids underneath the eastern facade, providing initial evidence to support the hypothesis.

For some time now, the structure of the granite blocks on the eastern side of the more than 60-meter-high Menkaure pyramid has puzzled researchers. The stones are remarkably polished over an area around four meters high and six meters wide. Such smooth stones are otherwise only found at what is currently the only entrance to the pyramid, on the north side. Researcher Stijn van den Hoven hypothesized a possible additional entrance for the first time in 2019.