Air Pollution Can Contribute to Obesity and Diabetes

The most significant sources of fine air pollutants include exhaust fumes from cars, industrial plants and heating systems, as well as emissions from construction sites and forest fires.
Photo Credit: Uvi D

Long-term exposure to fine air pollution can impair metabolic health by disrupting the normal function of brown fat in mice. A study co-led by the University of Zurich shows that this occurs through complex changes in gene regulation driven by epigenetic mechanisms. The results demonstrate how environmental pollutants contribute to the development of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases.

There is growing evidence that air pollution is not just harmful to our lungs and heart, but also plays a significant role in the development of metabolic disorders like insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A new study co-led by Francesco Paneni, professor at the Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology of the University of Zurich (UZH) and the University Hospital Zurich (USZ), and Sanjay Rajagopalan, professor at the Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, now sheds light on the topic.

Novel Metal Alloy Withstands Extreme Conditions

Alloy production by means of arc melting in the material synthesis lab of the Institute for Applied Materials – Materials Science and Engineering.
Photo Credit: Chiara Bellamoli, KIT

A new material might contribute to a reduction of the fossil fuels consumed by aircraft engines and gas turbines in the future. A research team from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) has developed a refractory metal-based alloy with properties unparalleled to date. The novel combination of chromium, molybdenum, and silicon is ductile at ambient temperature. With its melting temperature of about 2,000 degrees Celsius, it remains stable even at high temperatures and is at the same time oxidation resistant.

High-temperature-resistant metallic materials are required for aircraft engines, gas turbines, X-ray units, and many other technical applications. Refractory metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, and chromium, whose melting points are around or higher than 2,000 degrees Celsius, can be most resistant to high temperatures. Their practical application, however, has limitations: They are brittle at room temperature and, in contact with oxygen, they start to oxidize causing failure within a short time already at temperatures of 600 to 700 degrees Celsius. Therefore, they can only be used under technically complex vacuum conditions – for example as X-ray rotating anodes.

Green Energy and Innovation Can Increase Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The introduction of renewable energy sources in developing Asian countries may lead to a short-term increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
Photo Credit: Nicholas Doherty

Scientists at Ural Federal University have found that the introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) and technological innovations in developing Asian countries can lead to a short-term increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The reason is the effect of rebound and insufficient effectiveness of regulatory systems. This calls into question the effectiveness of current measures to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, the researchers believe. They wrote on this topic in an article in the journal Energy Economics.

"In Asia, more efficient coal-fired power plants or cheaper solar energy can lower electricity prices, leading to increased energy consumption by industry and households in general. Although innovations reduce CO₂ emissions in the short term, they actually increase emissions in the medium and long term, as efficiency gains drive growth in industrial activity and energy demand. This is a classic rebound effect: efficiency stimulates economies of scale, negating the initial environmental benefits," explained Kazi Sohag, co-author of the paper and head of the UrFU Laboratory of Economic Policy and Natural Resources.

Old Puzzle around Protein Distribution in Plant Cells Solved

Lei Zhang works with the plant Arabidopsis.
Photo Credit: © RUB, Marquard

How lipids in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum of plant cells interact with proteins to organize the first step of protein transport has long been an unsolved mystery. A research team at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, led by Professor Christopher Grefen, has uncovered how a lipid switch in plant cells directs proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – the gateway to the cell’s secretory pathway. The study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 

Researchers find key to stopping deadly infection

When rotavirus enters a cell without the FA2H enzyme, it becomes trapped in pockets called endosomes (indicated by red arrows). This prevents the virus from infecting the rest of the cell.
Image Credit: Ding Lab/WashU Medicine

Rotavirus causes severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young children, contributing to more than 128,500 deaths per year globally despite widespread vaccination efforts. Although rotavirus is more prevalent in developing countries, declining vaccination uptake in the United States has resulted in increasing cases in recent years.

New research from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has identified a key step that enables rotavirus to infect cells. The researchers found that disabling the process in tissue culture and in mice prevented infection. This discovery opens up new avenues for therapeutic intervention to treat rotavirus and other pathogens that rely on the same infection mechanism.

“Rotavirus kills infants and children, young people who never had a chance at life,” said Siyuan Ding, an associate professor of molecular microbiology at WashU Medicine. “That’s why we want to develop effective therapeutics, even though we already have vaccines that we can use. Not all kids receive the vaccine, and this virus is very infectious. Once a child has the virus, there’s currently no treatment; we can only manage the symptoms.”

SwRI produces, evaluates sustainable aviation fuel made from e-fuel

A multidisciplinary team at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) produced, characterized and tested standard jet fuel along with two sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), including one developed at SwRI, through an internally funded project. A custom jet engine test stand was used to gather emissions and particulate data.
Photo Credit: Southwest Research Institute

Southwest Research Institute produced a batch of blended sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) through a refinery process that started with electrofuels or e-fuels made from carbon dioxide and green hydrogen. Using internal research funding, a multidisciplinary team produced and characterized the SAF, along with two other commercially available fuels, before collecting emissions and particulate data to support the aviation industry’s emissions goals.

“Aviation is difficult to decarbonize due to the fuel density and power required for flight,” said Francesco Di Sabatino, a group leader in SwRI’s Mechanical Engineering Division. “With this project we’re gathering important data for conventional fuel and two different SAFs.”

Conventional jet fuel is made from petroleum that burns inside a jet engine. Fueling jets with SAF could help reduce carbon emissions. Worldwide air travel accounts for 2% of all carbon emissions, and 12% of all carbon emissions from transportation. The team tackled three focus areas — production, characterization and testing.

Researchers discover of a new type of diabetes in babies

Photo Credit: Rene Terp

Advanced DNA sequencing technologies and a new model of stem cell research has enabled an international team to discover a new type of diabetes in babies.

The University of Exeter Medical School worked with Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) in Belgium and other partners to establish that mutations in the TMEM167A gene are responsible for a rare form of neonatal diabetes.

Some babies develop diabetes before the age of six months. In over 85 per cent of cases this is due to genetic mutation in their DNA. Research led by the University of Exeter found that in six children with additional neurological disorders such as epilepsy and microcephaly identified alterations in a single gene: TMEM167A.

To understand its role, ULB researcher Professor Miriam Cnop’s team used stem cells differentiated into pancreatic beta cells and gene-editing techniques (CRISPR). They found that when the TMEM167A gene is altered, insulin-producing cells can no longer fulfill their role. They then activate stress mechanisms that lead to their death.

New hope for MS

Micah Feri (left) and Seema Tiwari-Woodruff.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of University of California, Riverside

Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting more than 2.9 million people worldwide. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, the protective insulation around nerve fibers, causing disruption of nerve signals between the brain and body. Symptoms can include numbness, tingling, vision loss, and paralysis.

While current treatments can reduce inflammation, no therapies yet exist to protect neurons or restore the damaged myelin sheath. Researchers have now taken a major step forward in the development of such a therapy, supported by funding from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. They have identified two compounds that could remyelinate damaged axons.

Published in the journal Scientific Reports, the research, led by Seema Tiwari-Woodruff, a professor of biomedical sciences at the University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, and John Katzenellenbogen, a professor of chemistry at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, or UIUC, was made possible through two National MS Society funding programs: a traditional investigator-initiated grant and the Society’s Fast Forward commercial accelerator program.

Raging winds on Mars

Images of dust devils, whirlwinds of dust that are blown across Mars’ surface.
Image Credit: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS for CaSSIS
(CC BY SA 3.0 IGO)

On Mars, dust devils and winds reach speeds of up to 160 km/h and are therefore faster than previously assumed: This shows a study by an international research team led by the University of Bern. The researchers analyzed images taken by the Bernese Mars camera CaSSIS and the stereo camera HRSC with the help of machine learning. The study provides a valuable data basis for a better understanding of atmospheric dynamics, which is important for better climate models and future Mars missions.

Despite the very thin Martian atmosphere, there are also winds on Mars that are central to the climate and the distribution of dust. The wind movements and the whirling up of dust also create so-called dust devils, rotating columns of dust and air that move across the surface. In images of Mars, the wind itself is invisible, but dust devils are clearly visible. Due to their movement, they are valuable indicators for researchers to determine the otherwise invisible winds.

Heatwaves at Sea May Force the Ocean to Release More CO2

Marine heatwaves are disrupting the ocean’s ability to store carbon
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / AI generated

Heatwaves not only occur on land – they also occur in the oceans, causing ocean temperatures to stay warmer than normal for longer periods. Marine heatwaves can cover huge areas of the sea and have major effects on marine life, from plankton to reefs and whales.

Now, a new study shows that marine heatwaves may also affect how carbon is stored in the ocean.

The ocean is one of Earths biggest carbon sinks. It soaks up vast amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere, and in the surface water, algae and other photosynthetic microorganisms capture it and convert it to organic carbon. When these organisms die and sink to the bottom, the carbon sinks with them. In the deep ocean, the removed carbon can be locked away for hundreds, even thousands of years.

Researchers discover enlarged areas of the spinal cord in fish, previously found only in four-limbed vertebrates

Zebrafish at the Laboratory of Fish Biology in Nagoya University Researchers discovered that zebrafish have enlarged areas of the spinal cord, previously believed to exist only in four-limbed vertebrates.
 Photo Credit: Naoyuki Yamamoto

Four-limbed vertebrates, known as tetrapods, have two enlarged areas in their spinal cords. The two enlargements have a correlation with the forelimbs and hind limbs, respectively. These enlargements are thought to be caused by the complex muscular system and the rich sensory networks supplying nerves to the limbs.

Meanwhile, it was long thought that fish had no enlarged areas in their spinal cords due to the absence of limbs. However, a recent study by scientists from Nagoya University in Japan has revealed that zebrafish, in fact, have enlarged areas in their spinal cords, although these areas are not visible to the naked eye.

"We thought that fish also have spinal enlargements because they have paired pectoral and pelvic fins, which correspond to forelimbs and hind limbs in tetrapods, respectively," said  Naoyuki Yamamoto, a professor at Nagoya University's Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and the lead author of the study.

Changes in gut microbiota influence which patients get AIG-related neuroendocrine tumors

Researchers took biopsies of AIG patients with and without neuroendocrine tumor growth to understand their bacterial communities
Image Credit: Osaka Metropolitan University

Researchers from Osaka Metropolitan University have discovered how the balance of bacteria in the stomach affects the growth of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). By identifying the specific bacteria involved and the biochemical reactions that cause tumor growth, the researchers hope to create a new diagnostic technique to detect which patients are most likely to develop cancer.

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a long-term condition in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the stomach. This ongoing immune response gradually damages the stomach, affecting how it functions and its ability to protect itself from harmful agents. Over time, these changes can increase the risk of developing NETs, a type of tumor that develops from hormone-producing cells in the stomach.

Tiny worms reveal big secrets about memory

Caenorhabditis elegans
Image Credit: Chew Lab

In a discovery that could reshape how we think about memory, researchers at Flinders University have found that forgetting is not just a glitch in the brain but is actually a finely tuned process, and dopamine is the key.

Led by neuroscientist Dr Yee Lian Chew and PhD student Anna McMillen, from Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), the research team has shown that the brain actively forgets using the same chemical that helps us learn, dopamine.

Published in the Journal of Neurochemistry, the study used tiny worms called Caenorhabditis elegans – one millimetre long with only 300 neurons, yet 80% genetically identical to humans – to explore how memories fade.

These microscopic creatures might seem worlds apart from humans, but their brains share many of the same molecular pathways that makes them perfect for studying brain pathways including memory.

Engineered “natural killer” cells could help fight cancer

Caption:A new study identifies genetic modifications that make “natural killer” cells more effective at destroying cancer cells.
Image Credit: NIAID
(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

One of the newest weapons that scientists have developed against cancer is a type of engineered immune cell known as CAR-NK (natural killer) cells. Similar to CAR-T cells, these cells can be programmed to attack cancer cells.

MIT and Harvard Medical School researchers have now come up with a new way to engineer CAR-NK cells that makes them much less likely to be rejected by the patient’s immune system, which is a common drawback of this type of treatment.

The new advance may also make it easier to develop “off-the-shelf” CAR-NK cells that could be given to patients as soon as they are diagnosed. Traditional approaches to engineering CAR-NK or CAR-T cells usually take several weeks.

“This enables us to do one-step engineering of CAR-NK cells that can avoid rejection by host T cells and other immune cells. And, they kill cancer cells better and they’re safer,” says Jianzhu Chen, an MIT professor of biology, a member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,and one of the senior authors of the study.

Engineers Develop Solid Lubricant to Replace Toxic Materials in Farming

Photo Credit: Courtesy of North Carolina State University

Researchers have developed a new class of nontoxic, biodegradable solid lubricants that can be used to facilitate seed dispersal using modern farming equipment, with the goal of replacing existing lubricants that pose human and environmental toxicity concerns. The researchers have also developed an analytical model that can be used to evaluate candidate materials for future lubricant technologies.

Modern farming makes use of various machines to accurately and efficiently plant seeds in the ground. However, it can be difficult to prevent the seeds from jamming in these machines. To keep the seeds flowing smoothly, farmers use solid lubricants that prevent the seeds from clumping up or sticking together. Unfortunately, commercially available lubricants make use of talc or microplastics, and can pose threats to farmers, farmland and pollinators.

“Lubricants are essential to modern farming, but existing approaches are contributing to toxicity in our farmlands that affect farmer health, soil health and pollinators that are essential to our food supply,” says Dhanush Udayashankara Jamadgni, co-lead author of a paper on the work and a Ph.D. student at North Carolina State University. “We’ve developed a new class of safe solid lubricants that are effective and nontoxic.”