How fishes of the deep sea have evolved into different shapes

The silvery color of the hatchetfish, which lives in the water column of the deep sea, provides camouflage in dimly lit portions of the ocean.
Photo Credit: Chris Martinez

Fish species living in the deep sea feature a surprisingly large range of body shapes that evolved in different ways and at different rates depending on where the fishes live in the ocean, new research shows. 

Overall, the analysis of nearly 3,000 species showed more diversity of body types among the pelagic fishes, those that swim in open water, than among the benthic species spending their life on the ocean floor. Pelagic fish body types span from the round anglerfish to skinny eels, while benthic fishes generally share a common elongated, tapered shape. 

“We found that evolution pushes and pulls fish body shape in different directions depending on whether they’re benthic or pelagic,” said lead study author Elizabeth Santos, assistant professor of evolution, ecology and organismal biology at The Ohio State University. 

“We talk about the deep sea as if it is sort of all one thing, when really it is not – it is actually quite diverse,” she said. “There are very different types of environments in the deep sea that have their own different effects on evolution.” 

Rare Particle Pairs Point to Primordial Soup's Temperature at Different Stages

The STAR detector, which is as large as a house, specializes in tracking the thousands of particles produced by each ion collision at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
Photo Credit: Kevin Coughlin/Brookhaven National Laboratory

At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science user facility for nuclear physics research at DOE’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, scientists recreate the ultra-hot conditions of the early universe by smashing particles together at nearly the speed of light. RHIC's collisions delve into mysteries about the properties of matter by melting the colliding particles into a quark-gluon plasma (QGP) — a soup of fundamental particles that are the building blocks of protons and neutrons.

A new analysis of data captured by the STAR detector at RHIC revealed the QGP’s temperature at different stages of its evolution following collisions of gold ions — the nuclei of gold atoms stripped of their electrons. These measurements are key to mapping out how nuclear matter changes as quarks and gluons in the hot soup cool and coalesce to form more ordinary nuclear particles. Studying this phase transition at RHIC is helping physicists understand what happened in the briefest moments at the beginning of the universe, the last time the QGP existed in nature.

Carbon-rich waters are becoming even more acidic as atmospheric CO2 levels rise

Orange cup corals, pictured growing on rocks above, are native to the Pacific Ocean. As they grow, corals incorporate minerals from seawater, leaving a valuable historical record in their skeletons. In this University of Washington-led study, researchers compare preindustrial corals to modern specimens to show how quickly the ocean is acidifying.
Photo Credit: Alexander Vasenin
(CC BY-SA 4.0)

The waters bordering North America could soon be inhospitable to critical marine creatures if the Northeastern Pacific Ocean continues to acidify at the current rate, a new study shows.

Earth’s oceans have become approximately 30% more acidic since the industrial revolution began more than 200 years ago. Acidification changes marine chemistry and depletes key minerals that calcifying organisms, such as corals and clams, need to build their skeletons and shells. The Northeastern Pacific is naturally more acidic than other oceans, fueling debate about how much its chemistry will change in the coming decades.

The study, published in Nature Communications, shows that high baseline acidity makes the water more sensitive to additional carbon dioxide from human activities. Analyses of coral skeletons from the past century revealed that CO2 has been accumulating in North American waters faster than in the atmosphere, driving rapid acidification.

Drones Map Loggerhead Sea Turtle Nesting Site Hotspots

Graduate student and lead author, Summer Manestar, holding the UX11 unmanned aerial vehicle that was used in the study.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of  Florida Atlantic University

Researchers from the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science used drones and field surveys to study how environmental and human factors affect loggerhead sea turtle nest site selection on a high-density beach in Boca Raton. The team looked at beach slope, sand texture, and proximity to structures like dune stairs – wooden stairways that let people safely cross sand dunes without damaging them. Understanding these factors is important because where turtles nest directly affects hatchling survival and sex ratios.

The study found that successful nests were more likely on steeper parts of the beach and farther from dune stairs, while false crawls – when sea turtles come ashore but do not lay eggs – were more common in flatter areas or near stairs. These findings give researchers new tools for monitoring nesting activity and help guide efforts to protect Florida’s critical sea turtle habitats.

When ants battle bumble bees, nobody wins

Invasive Argentine ants prevent bees from eating
Photo Credit: David Rankin / University of California, Riverside

When bumble bees fight invasive Argentine ants for food, bees may win an individual skirmish but end up with less to feed the hive. 

Bumble bees are already under pressure from habitat loss, disease, and pesticides. Former UC Riverside entomology graduate student Michelle Miner wondered whether aggressive ants might be adding to that stress. 

“With how important bumble bees are as pollinators, it made sense to try and understand more about what’s going on in these tiny nectar wars, because they could have a big impact,” Miner said. 

Her research, newly published in the Journal of Insect Science, analyzed over 4,300 individual behaviors from more than 415 bumble bees. 

A cellular protein, FGD3, boosts breast cancer chemotherapy, immunotherapy

The research team included, front row, from left: graduate student Junyao Zhu, biochemistry professor David Shapiro, and senior researcher Chengiian Mao; back row, from left: graduate students Abigail Spaulding, Xinyi Dai and Qianjin Jiang.
Photo Credit: Fred Zwicky

A naturally occurring protein that tends to be expressed at higher levels in breast cancer cells boosts the effectiveness of some anticancer agents, including doxorubicin, one of the most widely used chemotherapies, and a preclinical drug known as ErSO, researchers report. The protein, FGD3, contributes to the rupture of cancer cells disrupted by these drugs, boosting their effectiveness and enhancing anticancer immunotherapies.

The new findings were the happy result of experiments involving ErSO, an experimental drug that killed 95-100% of estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cells in a mouse model of the disease. ErSO upregulates a cellular pathway that normally protects cancer cells from stress, said University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign biochemistry professor David Shapiro, who led the new work with Illinois graduate student Junyao Zhu. But when that protective pathway is ramped up, the system goes awry.

Fossil fuel CO2 emissions hit record high in 2025

Photo Credit: Chris LeBoutillier

Global carbon emissions from fossil fuels are projected to rise by 1.1% in 2025 – reaching a record high, according to new research by the Global Carbon Project. 

The 2025 Global Carbon Budget projects 38.1 billion tons of fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions this year. 

Decarbonization of energy systems is progressing in many countries – but this is not enough to offset the growth in global energy demand. 

With projected emissions from land-use change (such as deforestation) down to 4.1 billion tons in 2025, total CO2 emissions are projected to be slightly lower than last year. 

With the end of the 2023-24 El Niño weather pattern – which causes heat and drought in many regions – the land “sink” (absorption of CO2 by natural ecosystems) recovered this year to the pre-El Niño level.

Biomedical: In-Depth Description

Photo Credit: Navy Medicine

Biomedical science is the broad field of applied biology that focuses on understanding health and disease. Its primary goal is to use biological principles and scientific research to develop new therapies, diagnostic tools, and strategies for preventing and treating human illnesses.

Biology: In-Depth Description

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / stock image

Biology is the natural science dedicated to the study of life and living organisms, encompassing their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development, and evolution. The primary goal of biology is to understand the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things.

Scientists move closer to better pancreatic cancer treatments

Tumor and peritoneal metastases are shown in yellow.
Image Credit: UCR/Pellecchia lab

Last year, researchers at the University of California, Riverside, developed a novel “molecular crowbar” strategy to degrade the oncogenic enzyme Pin1, a protein that is overexpressed in many tumors including pancreatic cancer. They designed compounds that bind to Pin1 and destabilize its structure, causing its cellular degradation. 

This approach not only targets cancer cells directly but also addresses tumor-supporting cells like cancer-associated fibroblasts and macrophages where Pin1 is active, potentially overcoming the treatment resistance posed by the fibrous tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer.  

The UCR team led by Maurizio Pellecchia, a distinguished professor of biomedical sciences in the School of Medicine, has now collaborated with a team of scientists led by Dr. Mustafa Raoof at City of Hope in Duarte, California, to further test these degraders in pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers with the goal of developing a new class of therapeutics that can “remove” harmful proteins rather than just block them.

Lesser-known eating disorder just as severe as anorexia and bulimia

Photo Credit: Sehajpal Singh

A diagnosis often viewed as less serious than anorexia and bulimia – and the most common eating disorder worldwide – can cause just as much harm, a new study has found. 

Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) is diagnosed when a person’s symptoms don’t fit neatly into the classical categories but are still clinically significant. 

Researchers from McGill University and Douglas Research Centre compared clinical data from adults with OSFED to those with anorexia and bulimia. Across measures of depression, anxiety, well-being, and concerns about shape, weight and eating, they found people with OSFED were just as ill, and in some cases had more severe symptoms. 

Hawaiian monk seals are far more ‘talkative’ than previously known

Two adult Hawaiian monk seals interacting under water.
Photo Credit: Krista Jaspers

A new study by researchers from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa’s Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB) has revealed that endangered Hawaiian monk seals have a hidden vocal repertoire, using a complex range of sounds to call underwater.

Previously, scientists believed monk seals had a simple repertoire, identifying only six different calls based on seals in human care. In this study, the scientists analyzed thousands of hours of passive acoustic data from the wild, they discovered 25 distinct vocalizations.

How chromosomes separate accurately

Representation how separase recognizes the cohesin subunit SCC1 before chromosome segregation occurs.
Illustration Credit: © Margot Riggi

Cell division is a process of remarkable precision: during each cycle, the genetic material must be evenly distributed between the two daughter cells. To achieve this, duplicated chromosomes, known as sister chromatids, are temporarily linked by cohesin – a ring-shaped protein complex that holds them together until separation. Researchers at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), in collaboration with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), have uncovered the mechanism by which separase – the molecular ‘‘scissors’’ responsible for this cleavage – recognizes and cuts cohesin. Their findings, published in Science Advances, shed new light on chromosome segregation errors that can lead to certain forms of cancer. 

Variety of animals evolved similar genetics solutions to survive on land, study finds

Transition from water to land 
Image Credit: Dinghua Yang

Animals from completely different branches of the tree of life such as insects, worms and vertebrates independently evolved similar genetic solutions to survive on land, according to a new study from researchers at the University of Bristol and University of Barcelona. 

The research, published in Nature suggests that some adaptations are so essential that environmental challenges make evolution predictable.  

The researchers decoded the genetic basis of one of evolution’s more extraordinary innovations – the transition from water to land. 

New lightweight polymer film can prevent corrosion

MIT researchers tested the gas permeability of their new polymer films by suspending them over microwells to form bubbles. Some bubbles from 2021 experiments are still inflated. This optical micrograph shows how the films form very colorful spots when suspended over microwells.
Image Credit: Courtesy of the researchers
(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

MIT researchers have developed a lightweight polymer film that is nearly impenetrable to gas molecules, raising the possibility that it could be used as a protective coating to prevent solar cells and other infrastructure from corrosion, and to slow the aging of packaged food and medicines.

The polymer, which can be applied as a film mere nanometers thick, completely repels nitrogen and other gases, as far as can be detected by laboratory equipment, the researchers found. That degree of impermeability has never been seen before in any polymer, and rivals the impermeability of molecularly-thin crystalline materials such as graphene.

“Our polymer is quite unusual. It’s obviously produced from a solution-phase polymerization reaction, but the product behaves like graphene, which is gas-impermeable because it’s a perfect crystal. However, when you examine this material, one would never confuse it with a perfect crystal,” says Michael Strano, the Carbon P. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT.