Forest ecosystems help keep the environment stable as the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere increases.
Photo Credit: Andrew Coelho
Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary
- Main Discovery: U.S. forests have stored more carbon in the past two decades than at any time in the last century, a spike driven primarily by natural forces and forest aging rather than active human management.
- Methodology: Researchers analyzed nationwide forest data to isolate and quantify the specific contributions of six environmental drivers: temperature, precipitation, carbon dioxide, land management, forest age composition, and total area.
- Key Data: Forest aging contributed the largest share of sequestration at 89 million metric tons annually, while temperature and precipitation shifts added 66 million tons per year; in contrast, deforestation caused a loss of 31 million tons annually.
- Significance: Disentangling natural ecosystem functions from human interventions allows for accurate national carbon accounting, revealing that passive natural sinks are currently more significant than active decarbonization efforts in forests.
- Future Application: Policymakers can utilize these findings to refine national forest inventories for net-zero requirements and tailor forest management plans to specific regional climate adaptations.
- Branch of Science: Environmental Economics and Forestry
- Additional Detail: While tree planting and reforestation contributed 23 million tons of carbon storage per year, this figure was surpassed by the carbon losses resulting from human-caused deforestation.
U.S. forests have stored more carbon in the past two decades than at any time in the last century, an increase attributable to a mix of natural factors and human activity, finds a new study.
To unravel the cause behind this spike, researchers used nationwide forest data to examine how six environmental factors may have contributed to the increase in carbon sequestered by forests. They found that natural forces such as increasing temperatures, shifting precipitation, and carbon fertilization are among the largest contributors to carbon gains, but human drivers, like letting forests get older and planting trees, are also becoming bigger factors.
Since most decarbonization efforts focus on curbing active emissions, this new analysis aims to help researchers better separate what portion of carbon held by forests is related to human action and which portion isn’t, said Brent Sohngen, co-author of the study and a professor of environmental and resource economics at The Ohio State University.
“Identifying and separating these influences hasn’t really been done before,” said Sohngen. “But with this data, the U.S. can be much more explicit about its carbon accounting, and that ability will provide a lot more information and long-term benefits for people who manage their forests and try to create carbon sinks.”
Forests act as vital tools to slow warming of the planet, as the more carbon that trees sequester, the less there is in the atmosphere. Large areas such as the Amazon Rainforest and the Congo Basin are known as “passive” carbon sinks because they absorb more carbon than they release without the need for human intervention.
In temperate regions, forests like Ohio’s Wayne National Forest are more likely to become carbon sources because they require extensive active inputs, such as tree-planting or other forest management activities to remain a strong sink, said Sohngen.
“The forests that we aren’t managing are doing exactly what we want them to do, which is to be ecosystem buffers,” he said. “That’s a good thing, but as we hit global carbon thresholds, the strength and size of that sink is slowing down in all these forests.”
The study looked at six drivers – temperature, precipitation, carbon dioxide, management, age composition and area – and the team was surprised by exactly how much natural factors influenced the total amount of carbon stored by U.S. forests. For instance, changes in temperature and precipitation from 2005 to 2022 led to an increase of 66 million metric tons of carbon sequestration per year.
During the same period, human intervention had both negative and positive effects, as human-caused deforestation reduced stored forest carbon by about 31 million tons per year, while activities like tree-planting and reforestation added about 23 million tons per year. Yet it was forest age — mostly structural changes in the peak growth stages of local trees — that helped lock in the most carbon, by 89 million metric tons per year.
Overall, these results suggest that while climate policies are doing their part to mitigate current climate challenges, scientists should also recognize the extent to which natural processes continue to shape our world.
This work also highlights the vast difference in the amount of carbon forests can absorb naturally versus when they are actively managed. If used in tandem with other environmental analyses, these findings may help other countries better plan how to utilize their national forest inventories to meet future net-zero requirements, said Sohngen.
Going forward, researchers may seek to localize their observations further, as having more detailed state or county carbon forestry data could help inform conservationists and wildlife managers on how to optimize the well-being of their land on a local rather than regional level.
“We have to think about how we start to address the impacts of climate change in parts of the country where there’s a slowdown of forest growth, and figure out how to adapt a region’s forests to the best climate future possible,” said Sohngen.
Funding: The research was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Published in journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Title: How much of the forest sink is passive? Case of the United States
Authors: Eric C. Davis, Brent Sohngen, and David J. Lewis
Source/Credit: Ohio State University | Tatyana Woodall
Reference Number: env012126_01
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