Why mamba snake bites worsen after antivenom

Photo Credit: Johan Marais

A breakthrough study at The University of Queensland has discovered a hidden dangerous feature in the Black Mamba, one of the most venomous snakes in the world.

Professor Bryan Fry from UQ’s School of the Environment said the study revealed  the venoms of 3 species of mamba were far more neurologically complex than previously thought, explaining why antivenoms were sometimes ineffective.

“The Black Mamba, Western Green Mamba and Jamesons Mamba snakes aren’t just using one form of chemical weapon, they’re launching a coordinated attack at 2 different points in the nervous system,” Professor Fry said.

“If you’re bitten by 3 out of 4 mamba species, you will experience flaccid or limp paralysis caused by postsynaptic neurotoxicity.

“Current antivenoms can treat the flaccid paralysis but this study found the venoms of these 3 species are then able to attack another part of the nervous system causing spastic paralysis by presynaptic toxicity.

Rapid flash Joule heating technique unlocks efficient rare‑earth element recovery from electronic waste

The research team’s method uses flash Joule heating.
Photo Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University.

A team of researchers including Rice University’s James Tour and Shichen Xu has developed an ultrafast, one-step method to recover rare earth elements (REEs) from discarded magnets using an innovative approach that offers significant environmental and economic benefits over traditional recycling methods. Their study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sept. 29, 2025.

Conventional rare earth recycling is energy-heavy and creates toxic waste. The research team’s method uses flash Joule heating (FJH), which rapidly raises material temperatures to thousands of degrees within milliseconds, and chlorine gas to extract REEs from magnet waste in seconds without needing water or acids. The breakthrough supports U.S. efforts to boost domestic mineral supplies.

“We’ve demonstrated that we can recover rare earth elements from electronic waste in seconds with minimal environmental footprint,” said Tour, the T.T. and W.F. Chao Professor of Chemistry, professor of materials science and nanoengineering and study corresponding author. “It’s the kind of leap forward we need to secure a resilient and circular supply chain.”

The first animals on Earth may have been sea sponges, study suggests

Some of the first animals on Earth were likely ancestors of the modern sea sponge, according to MIT geochemists who unearthed new evidence in very old rocks.
Image Image: Jose-Luis Olivares, MIT
(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

A team of MIT geochemists has unearthed new evidence in very old rocks suggesting that some of the first animals on Earth were likely ancestors of the modern sea sponge.

In a study appearing today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers report that they have identified “chemical fossils” that may have been left by ancient sponges in rocks that are more than 541 million years old. A chemical fossil is a remnant of a biomolecule that originated from a living organism that has since been buried, transformed, and preserved in sediment, sometimes for hundreds of millions of years.

The newly identified chemical fossils are special types of steranes, which are the geologically stable form of sterols, such as cholesterol, that are found in the cell membranes of complex organisms. The researchers traced these special steranes to a class of sea sponges known as demosponges. Today, demosponges come in a huge variety of sizes and colors, and live throughout the oceans as soft and squishy filter feeders. Their ancient counterparts may have shared similar characteristics.

More Signs of Phase-change 'Turbulence' in Nuclear Matter

 A view from the ground up of the three-story STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).
Image Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory

Members of the STAR Collaboration, a group of physicists collecting and analyzing data from particle collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), have published a new high-precision analysis of data on the number of protons produced in gold-ion smashups over a range of energies. The results, published in Physical Review Letters, suggest one part of a key signature of a so-called “critical point.” That’s a unique point on the “map” of nuclear phases that marks a change in the way quarks and gluons, the building blocks of protons and neutrons, transform from one phase of matter to another.

Discovering the critical point has been a central goal of research at RHIC, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science user facility for nuclear physics research at DOE’s Brookhaven National Laboratory. Like centuries-old efforts to map out the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of substances like water, it’s considered essential for fully understanding and describing the quark-gluon plasma. This unique form of nuclear matter is generated by RHIC’s most energetic nuclear collisions, which effectively “melt” the protons and neutrons that make up the colliding gold ions, briefly liberating their innermost building blocks to form a nearly perfect fluid state that once filled our early universe.

Moon-forming disc around massive planet

An artistic rendering of a dust and gas disc encircling the young exoplanet, CT Cha b, 625 light-years from Earth. Spectroscopic data from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope suggest the disc contains the raw materials for moon formation. The planet appears at lower right, while its host star and surrounding protoplanetary disc are visible in the background. 
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, G. Cugno (University of Zürich, NCCR PlanetS), S. Grant (Carnegie Institution for Science), J, Olmsted (STScI), L. Hustak (STScI)

The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope has provided the first direct measurements of the chemical and physical properties of a potential moon-forming disc encircling a large exoplanet. The carbon-rich disc surrounding the world called CT Cha B, which is located 625 light years away from Earth, is a possible construction yard for moons, although no moons are detected in the Webb data.

Our Solar System contains eight major planets, and more than 400 known moons orbiting six of these planets. Where did they all come from? There are multiple formation mechanisms. The case for large moons, like the four Galilean satellites around Jupiter, is that they condensed out of a dust and gas disc encircling the planet when it formed. But that would have happened over 4 billion years ago, and there is scant forensic evidence today.

Childhood overeating can be a harbinger of later mental health struggles in girls, study finds

Photo Credit: Toa Heftiba

Girls who overeat regularly in preschool years are more likely to experience anxiety, impulsivity and hyperactivity in adolescence, according to a new study led by researchers at McGill University and the Douglas Research Centre.

The study followed more than 2,000 Quebec children using provincial data, tracking eating patterns reported by caregivers in early childhood and assessing mental-health symptoms when participants turned 15. The link between overeating and later difficulties was seen in girls, but not in boys.

Researchers use nanotubes to improve blood flow in bioengineered tissues

Assistant Professors Ying Wang (Department of Biomedical Engineering) and Yingge Zhou (School of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering) collaborated on research about engineered tissues.
Photo Credit: Jonathan Cohen.

When biomedical researchers need to test their latest ideas, they often turn to engineered human tissue that mimics the responses in our own bodies. It’s become an important intermediary step before human clinical trials.

One limiting factor: The cells need blood circulation to survive, and achieving that can be difficult in three-dimensional cell structures. Without proper vascular systems — even primitive ones — engineered tissue faces restricted size and functionality, even developing necrotic regions of dead cells.

New research from Binghamton University’s Thomas J. Watson College of Engineering and Applied Science offers a possible solution to the problem. In a paper recently published in the journal Biomedical Materials, Assistant Professors Ying Wang and Yingge Zhou show how the latest nanomanufacturing techniques can create a better artificial vascular system.

Simple test can predict risk of severe liver disease

The researchers' new method can contribute to earlier detection of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / AI Generated

A new study from Karolinska Institutet, published in the scientific journal The BMJ, shows how a simple blood analysis can predict the risk of developing severe liver disease. The method may already start to be applied in primary care to enable the earlier detection of cirrhosis and cancer of the liver.

“These are diseases that are growing increasingly common and that have a poor prognosis if detected late,” says Rickard Strandberg, affiliated researcher at Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Medicine, Huddinge, who has developed the test with his departmental colleague Hannes Hagström. “Our method can predict the risk of severe liver disease within 10 years and is based on three simple routine blood tests.” 

For the study, the researchers at Karolinska Institutet and their colleagues in Finland evaluated how well the method can estimate the risk of severe liver disease. The model, which is called CORE, was produced with advanced statistical methods and is based on five factors: age, sex and levels of three common liver enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT), which are commonly measured during regular health checks. 

Cell death in microalgae resembles that in humans

Under the microscope, it is possible to see for the first time how microalgae undergo the same type of programmed cell death as animal cells. (Microalgae in purple and apoptotic bodies as small dots.)
 Image Credit: Luisa Fernanda Corredor Arias

For the first time, researchers at Umeå University have observed the same type of programmed cell death in microalgae as in humans. The discovery, published in Nature Communications, shows that this central biological process is older than previously thought.

“This is the first photosynthetic organism, and the first single-cell organism, shown to produce so called apoptotic bodies during cell death. This proves that apoptosis, a pathway of programmed cell death which was thought to be unique to animals, is more ancient and widespread than previously believed,” says Christiane Funk, Professor at the Department of Chemistry, Umeå University.

Cells can die naturally from age or disease, but organisms can also actively trigger the death of certain cells when needed. This is known as programmed cell death (PCD), a central biological system that allows the development of organs in our bodies and provides advantage during an organism’s life cycle. One example is the differentiation of fingers in a developing human embryo; others are the control of cell numbers or the elimination of non-functional cells.

Zorin OS and Linux Mint: A Comparative Report

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Summary and Core Philosophies

In the expansive landscape of Linux distributions, Zorin OS and Linux Mint have distinguished themselves as premier choices, particularly for users seeking a refined and accessible desktop experience. Both are built upon the stable foundation of Ubuntu's Long-Term Support (LTS) releases, yet they diverge significantly in their core philosophies, development models, and ultimate value propositions. This report provides an exhaustive comparison of these two leading operating systems, designed to equip prospective users with the nuanced understanding required to make an informed decision.

Zorin OS is engineered as a polished on-ramp to the Linux world, explicitly targeting users transitioning from proprietary operating systems like Windows and macOS. Its development, led by the independent company Zorin Group, is commercially driven, funded primarily through the sale of a feature-rich "Pro" edition. This model dictates a strategic focus on immediate familiarity, aesthetic perfection, and the elimination of technical barriers.