‘The munchies’ are real and could benefit those with no appetite

Carrie Cuttler, right, an associate professor in the Department of Psychology at WSU, points to a screen displaying data about caloric intake and THC, while Ryan McLaughlin, an associate professor in the Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience in WSU’s College of Veterinary Medicine, looks on. Cuttler and McLaughlin co-direct The Health and Cognition (THC) Lab
Photo Credit: Ted S. Warren, College of Veterinary Medicine

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Cannabis consumption induces an acute cognitive appetite response, universally stimulating hunger independently of an individual's sex, age, weight, or prior food intake.
• Methodology: Researchers conducted a randomized clinical trial with 82 human volunteers who vaped either 20 milligrams of cannabis, 40 milligrams of cannabis, or a placebo, while parallel animal studies monitored food-seeking behavior in rats exposed to the drug.
• Key Data: Participants exposed to cannabis consumed significantly higher food volumes than the control group, displaying strong preferences for specific items like beef jerky and water even when previously satiated.
• Significance: The research confirms that appetite stimulation from tetrahydrocannabinol is strictly brain-mediated, occurring when the compound stimulates cannabinoid receptors in the hypothalamus to override natural satiety signals.
• Future Application: Findings provide a physiological foundation for developing targeted medicinal cannabis therapies to combat wasting syndromes and severe appetite loss in patients undergoing chemotherapy or managing chronic conditions like HIV and AIDS.
• Branch of Science: Neuroscience and Pharmacology
• Additional Detail: Pharmacology trials demonstrated that blocking cannabinoid receptors in the peripheral nervous system failed to curb appetite, whereas blocking identical receptors in the brain successfully suppressed the drug-induced hunger response.

Scientists unlock a massive new ‘color palette’ for biomedical research by synthesizing non-natural amino acids

Peptides have found use in over 80 drugs worldwide since insulin was first synthesized in the 1920s.
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers at UC Santa Barbara developed an efficient technique to synthesize non-natural amino acids that are immediately ready for direct use in peptide construction without extra modification steps.
• Methodology: The team utilized gold catalysis to generate stereoselective amino acids from inexpensive chemical ingredients, subsequently assembling them into peptides through a rinse-and-repeat process on a resin scaffold.
• Key Data: While lifeforms naturally utilize only 22 amino acids to build proteins, this breakthrough expands the available biochemical toolkit from a limited 22-molecule palette to potentially hundreds of noncanonical variations.
• Significance: The ability to easily incorporate non-natural amino acids allows drug designers to armor-plate peptide therapeutics against destructive bodily enzymes and force them into specific shapes for superior receptor binding.
• Future Application: Researchers plan to automate the synthesis process to provide non-chemists in drug development and materials research with accessible, low-friction access to these expanded molecular building blocks.
• Branch of Science: Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Materials Science.
• Additional Detail: Unlike existing approaches that require complex manipulation, this method produces amino acids where the acid group is already primed to react, leaving only the amino group requiring unmasking.

Psychopharmacology: In-Depth Description

Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of the effects drugs have on mood, sensation, thinking, and behavior. It is an interdisciplinary field that merges the principles of neuroscience, pharmacology, and psychology to understand how chemical agents interact with the nervous system to alter mental states. Its primary goals are to elucidate the biological mechanisms of mental disorders and to develop effective pharmaceutical treatments to manage or cure these conditions.

Cancer treatment: optimization of CAR T-cell therapy

LMU physician Sebastian Kobold
Photo Credit: © LMU / Stephan Höck

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

The Core Concept: An advanced form of immunotherapy in which Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells are genetically engineered to resist immunosuppressive signals found within solid tumors, enabling the immune system to effectively destroy cancer cells that were previously resistant to treatment.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: While standard CAR T-cell therapy is highly effective against blood cancers, it often fails against solid tumors because a metabolite called prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppresses the T cells' function. This new approach involves removing the specific receptors on the T cells that PGE2 binds to; by eliminating these binding sites, the T cells become "deaf" to the tumor's suppression signal and remain active to attack the malignancy.

Origin/History:

• 2024: Professor Sebastian Kobold’s research group at LMU University Hospital identifies that PGE2 blocks T cells in the tumor vicinity.
• 2026: The team, in cooperation with the University of Tübingen, publishes their success in engineering PGE2-resistant cells in Nature Biomedical Engineering.

Major Frameworks/Components:

• Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells: Patient-derived immune cells modified to recognize specific cancer proteins (like CD19).
• Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2): An immunosuppressive metabolite in the tumor microenvironment that normally inhibits immune response.
• Receptor Knockout: The genetic removal of PGE2 receptors from T cells to prevent immunosuppression.

Established cancer drug reactivates immunotherapy

Professor Florian Bassermann and his team are researching the role of the ubiquitin system in cancer. Insights from their basic research are quickly benefiting patients as well.
Photo Credit: Kathrin Czoppelt / TUM Klinikum

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

The Core Concept: Researchers have identified that an existing cancer drug, carfilzomib, can restore the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in multiple myeloma patients by preventing cancer cells from hiding their surface markers.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: A common resistance mechanism in immunotherapy involves cancer cells degrading specific surface antigens (like BCMA) via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, effectively becoming invisible to engineered T cells. Unlike therapies that require new drug discovery, this method utilizes carfilzomib—a known proteasome inhibitor—to block this degradation process, restabilizing the antigens on the cell surface and allowing the CAR-T cells to recognize and attack the cancer again.

Origin/History: The findings were published in the journal Blood in 2026 by a team led by Prof. Florian Bassermann and Dr. Leonie Rieger at the Technical University of Munich (TUM).

Major Frameworks/Components:

• CAR-T Cell Therapy: A treatment where a patient's T cells are genetically modified to target cancer cells.
• BCMA (B Cell Maturation Antigen): The specific protein target on multiple myeloma cells.
• Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: The intracellular network responsible for degrading proteins, identified here as the cause of BCMA loss.
• Carfilzomib: An approved drug that inhibits the proteasome, preventing antigen degradation.

Tiny Worm Offers Clues to Combat Chemotherapy Neurotoxicity

Caenorhabditis elegans
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Sildenafil citrate and the experimental compound Resveramorph-3 significantly mitigate the neurological dysfunction caused by the chemotherapy drug docetaxel.
• Methodology: Researchers utilized the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans to model neurotoxicity, exposing the organisms to acute and chronic docetaxel doses and quantifying recovery from shock-induced seizure-like behaviors using an electroconvulsive assay.
• Key Data: While docetaxel exposure consistently delayed recovery in the model, treatment with the identified compounds significantly reduced seizure severity and duration; this addresses a condition affecting up to 85% of cancer patients.
• Significance: The study validates a rapid, in vivo platform for screening neuroprotective drugs and identifies specific agents that may prevent the debilitating neuropathy that often forces patients to discontinue life-saving cancer therapy.
• Future Application: Development of co-therapies administered alongside taxane-based chemotherapy to protect nerve function and improve patient quality of life during treatment.
• Branch of Science: Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Oncology.
• Additional Detail: Sildenafil citrate appears to stabilize neuronal activity through protein kinase G signaling and potassium channel regulation, while Resveramorph-3 provides structural neuroprotection.

UC Irvine scientists create powerful enzyme that quickly, accurately synthesizes RNA

“This work shows that enzymes are far more adaptable than we once thought,” says study leader John Chaput, UC Irvine professor of pharmaceutical sciences. “By harnessing evolution, we can create new molecular tools that open the door to advances in RNA biology, synthetic biology and biomedical innovation.”
Photo Credit: Steve Zylius / UC Irvine

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers engineered a novel DNA polymerase, designated C28, that efficiently synthesizes RNA with high fidelity and speed, a capability that natural DNA polymerases are biologically designed to reject.
• Methodology: The team utilized directed evolution within a high-throughput, single-cell screening platform to recombine related polymerase genes, evaluating millions of variants to identify unexpected structural solutions without manually redesigning the active site.
• Key Data: The C28 enzyme contains dozens of specific mutations selected from a pool of millions of variants, enabling it to operate at near-natural speeds while accommodating chemically modified RNA building blocks.
• Significance: This breakthrough overcomes fundamental biological barriers to RNA synthesis, creating a versatile tool that can also perform reverse transcription and generate hybrid DNA-RNA molecules using standard PCR techniques.
• Future Application: The enzyme provides critical functionality for developing next-generation mRNA vaccines and RNA-based therapeutics that require customized or chemically modified RNA sequences.
• Branch of Science: Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Synthetic Biology.
• Additional Detail: Led by Professor John Chaput and published in Nature Chemical Biology, this research demonstrates that directed evolution can unlock molecular functions nonexistent in nature, such as the ability of a DNA polymerase to transcribe RNA.

UrFU Chemists Have Synthesized New Compound to Fight Cancer

If successful in trials, such drugs could reach the Russian market in 7-10 years.
Photo Credit: Vladimir Petrov

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

The Core Concept: Researchers at Ural Federal University (UrFU) have synthesized a new family of chemical compounds that selectively target and suppress the growth of specific tumor cells by halting their division rather than immediately destroying them.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Unlike traditional chemotherapy drugs that are often cytotoxic (cell-killing) and harmful to healthy tissues, these new compounds utilize a cytostatic mechanism. They effectively "freeze" the tumor by blocking Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), a protein critical for cell division, thereby preventing tumor proliferation with reduced toxicity to healthy cells.

Origin/History:

• Discovery Context: Developed by the UrFU Scientific, Educational and Innovative Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies.
• Publication: Findings and descriptions of the compounds were published in the international journal ChemMedChem.
• Timeline: Announced in February 2026, with potential market availability estimated in 7-10 years pending successful trials.

Tiny mutation, big impact on schizophrenia treatment

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers identified a rare genetic mutation, C182F, within the TAAR1 brain receptor that completely negates the efficacy of newer schizophrenia treatments by structurally locking the receptor in an inactive state.
• Methodology: The study employed advanced cell biology assays and 500-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the variant, which was originally isolated from an Indian family with a history of schizophrenia.
• Key Data: In the homozygous state, the mutation caused a complete loss of receptor signaling function and reduced protein surface expression by approximately 40%, while heterozygous cells retained only about 50% activity.
• Significance: This discovery explains the clinical failure of promising TAAR1 agonists like ulotaront in certain patients, revealing that the mutation eliminates the critical disulfide bond "tent pole" needed for the drug to bind effectively.
• Future Application: Standard psychiatric care may evolve to include mandatory genetic screening for TAAR1 variants prior to prescribing specific antipsychotics to ensure alignment with the patient's pharmacogenomic profile.
• Branch of Science: Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Psychiatry.
• Additional Detail: While rare globally, the C182F mutation occurs more frequently in South Asian populations, highlighting a specific demographic necessity for targeted genetic testing in drug development.

New cancer-killing material developed by Oregon State University nanomedicine researchers

Graphic depicting how new CDT nanoagent works.
Illustration Credit: Parinaz Ghanbari.

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: A novel iron-based metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoagent has been developed to trigger dual chemical reactions within cancer cells, generating oxidative stress via hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen to eradicate malignant cells while sparing healthy tissue.
• Methodology: The researchers designed a chemodynamic therapy (CDT) agent that leverages the acidic and high-hydrogen peroxide microenvironment of tumors to catalyze the simultaneous production of hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen.
• Key Data: In preclinical studies involving mice with human breast cancer, systemic administration of the nanoagent resulted in complete tumor eradication and long-term prevention of recurrence with no observed systemic toxicity or adverse effects on healthy cells.
• Significance: This advancement overcomes limitations of existing CDT agents that typically generate only one type of reactive oxygen species or lack sufficient catalytic activity, offering a more potent and durable therapeutic benefit for cancer treatment.
• Future Application: The team plans to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of this nanoagent in various other cancer types, including aggressive pancreatic cancer, to establish its broad applicability prior to human clinical trials.
• Branch of Science: Nanomedicine, Oncology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Purdue team announces new therapeutic target for breast cancer

Graduate student Addison Young (left) and Kyle Cottrell, assistant professor, both in Purdue’s department of biochemistry. Young and Cottrell have reported discovering a new therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer in the journal RNA.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of Purdue University

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: A specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein called PACT has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a deadly form of the disease that currently lacks targeted therapies.
• Methodology: Researchers utilized the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 to deplete PACT in various cell lines, allowing them to observe which cellular pathways became activated and to confirm PACT's role as a suppressor of the RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR).
• Key Data: The study established that PACT functions as a dimer—requiring the fusion of two monomers to operate—and that TNBC cells are particularly sensitive to its depletion, which triggers a "viral mimicry" state that can lead to cancer cell death.
• Significance: This research resolves a scientific controversy by confirming PACT acts as a suppressor rather than an activator of PKR; blocking PACT allows PKR to sense dsRNA and initiate stress responses that kill cancer cells, offering a strategy to treat TNBC without broad chemotherapy.
• Future Application: Scientists aim to develop molecules that specifically inhibit PACT dimerization, creating precise drugs for TNBC and potentially other cancer types that depend on this protein for survival.
• Branch of Science: Biochemistry and Oncology.
• Additional Detail: Unlike many therapeutic targets which are enzymes, PACT is a structural protein; therefore, treatment strategies must focus on physically preventing the binding of its two monomers rather than blocking enzymatic activity.

Optimized Solvent Design Improves Lymphatic Drug Delivery to Metastatic Lymph Nodes

Overview of Lymphatic Drug Delivery Systems (LDDS) and the Optimal Ranges of Solvent Osmolarity and Viscosity Depending on Therapeutic Strategies.
Illustration Credit: ©Taiki Shimano et al.

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: The optimization of solvent osmolarity and viscosity in Lymphatic Drug Delivery Systems (LDDS) significantly regulates drug pharmacokinetics and perinodal dynamics to improve treatment of metastatic lymph nodes.
• Methodology: Researchers injected therapeutic formulations directly into the sentinel lymph nodes of MXH10/Mo/lpr mice—a model featuring human-sized nodes—to monitor real-time changes in lymphatic and vascular flow based on varied solvent properties.
• Key Data: Increased solvent osmolarity was observed to promote blood inflow and expand lymphatic sinuses (drug pathways), while solvent viscosity acted as the dominant factor determining the duration of drug retention and the extent of delivery.
• Significance: The study provides critical guidelines for "tailor-made solvent design," directly validating the protocols for ongoing Phase I clinical trials at Iwate Medical University and Tohoku University Hospital.
• Future Application: Development of next-generation cancer therapies where drug solvent properties are customized to specific clinical goals, such as maximizing retention time or enhancing downstream distribution.
• Branch of Science: Biomedical Engineering, Oncology, and Pharmacology.
• Additional Detail: This research represents the first comprehensive demonstration of how fundamental physicochemical properties of solvents independently influence drug behavior during intranodal administration.

Lithium study yields insights in the fight against HIV

Ana Luiza Abdalla and Andrew Mouland in front of a flow cytometer at the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research. The instrument was used to collect key data for the study
Photo Credit: Lucca Jones

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Lithium treatment effectively prevents the reactivation of HIV in latent infected cells, keeping the virus dormant through a biological mechanism previously unidentified in this context.
• Methodology: Researchers utilized a novel fluorescence-based assay to distinguish between dormant and active virus in lab-grown human cells, testing lithium's efficacy while simultaneously disrupting the autophagy pathway to isolate the mechanism of action.
• Key Data: Experiments demonstrated that lithium's ability to suppress viral reactivation persisted even when the cell's autophagy (recycling) system was disabled, directly contradicting the prevailing hypothesis that autophagy was required for this effect.
• Significance: This finding supports the feasibility of a "functional cure"—strategies that keep the virus permanently dormant rather than eradicating it—and identifies a new biological target for maintaining HIV latency.
• Future Application: Development of new pharmaceutical agents that mimic lithium's viral suppression properties without causing the psychoactive side effects or toxicity associated with the drug's current clinical use.
• Branch of Science: Virology and Pharmacology
• Additional Detail: While lithium is an inexpensive and readily available drug, the authors explicitly warn against its current use by HIV patients due to significant side effects and the lack of human clinical trials for this specific indication.

Study Sheds Light on the Function of a Key Antibiotic-Producing Enzyme

Researchers have successfully replaced a section of the antibiotic-synthesizing enzyme PikAIII-M5, advancing our understanding of its structure and function and moving us closer to the creation of synthetic antibiotics.
Illustration Credit: ©Tohoku University

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers successfully engineered a chimeric version of the enzyme PikAIII-M5, a key component in pikromycin biosynthesis, by swapping its beta-ketoreductase domain to control the stereochemistry of macrolide chains.
• Methodology: The team utilized a synthetic substrate evaluation system to physically replace the beta-ketoreductase domain within the PikAIII-M5 enzyme with an alternative domain, subsequently analyzing how these structural modifications altered the enzyme's biochemical output.
• Key Data: The study validated that the beta-ketoreductase domain acts as an interchangeable module; its successful replacement demonstrated that specific domain swapping can predictably dictate the structural composition of the resulting macrolactone ring.
• Significance: This research establishes a verified "design guideline" for combinatorial biosynthesis, enabling more accurate predictions of chemical structures from genomic data and facilitating the engineering of complex, non-natural drug molecules.
• Future Application: The findings will be applied to create novel macrolide antibiotics with structures not found in nature, directly addressing the global crisis of antibiotic resistance and the shrinking pipeline of effective antimicrobial drugs.
• Branch of Science: Synthetic Biology, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
• Additional Detail: The researchers describe the strategic engineering process as analogous to "swapping interchangeable parts in a machine," emphasizing the high potential for modular manipulation in antibiotic development.

Purdue mRNA therapy delivery system proves to be shelf-stable, storable

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has published research about a Purdue University virus-mimicking platform technology that targets bladder cancer cells with mRNA therapies. The LENN platform scientists include, from left, Christina Ferreira, Saloni Darji, Bennett Elzey, Joydeep Rakshit, Feng Qu and David Thompson.
Photo Credit: Purdue University /Ali Harmeson

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: The LENN (Layer-by-layer Elastin-like Polypeptide Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle) platform successfully delivers mRNA therapies to bladder cancer cells while retaining full biological activity after being freeze-dried into a shelf-stable powder.
• Methodology: Researchers engineered a virus-mimicking dual-layer nanoparticle to condense and protect nucleic acids, then subjected the formulation to lyophilization (freeze-drying) and storage at -20°C to validate its stability and rehydration properties.
• Key Data: The lyophilized samples maintained complete structural integrity and functionality after three days of storage, successfully targeting upregulated receptors on tumor cells without triggering an immune response.
• Significance: This technology overcomes the severe cold-chain limitations of current lipid nanoparticle systems—which often require storage below -45°C—by providing a biomanufacturable, storable powder form that facilitates easier global distribution.
• Future Application: The team is upscaling the system for preclinical evaluation and initiating efficacy and safety studies in mouse models of bladder cancer.
• Branch of Science: Nanomedicine, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Oncology.
• Additional Detail: Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiling confirmed that the system utilizes natural entry pathways and avoids immune detection, potentially solving the "redosing" clearance issues associated with traditional viral vectors.

What Is: Psychedelic Renaissance

The current "Psychedelic Renaissance" is not a new discovery but a recovery of lost knowledge.
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

The Fourth Wave of Psychiatry

The field of psychiatry is currently undergoing its most significant paradigm shift since the introduction of the first psychopharmaceuticals in the mid-20th century. For decades, the standard of care for mental health disorders has been dominated by the monoamine hypothesis—the idea that regulating neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine through daily maintenance medication can rectify chemical imbalances. However, a growing body of evidence, accumulated largely over the last two decades and culminating in the pivotal events of 2024 and 2025, suggests that this model is incomplete. We are witnessing the rise of a "fourth wave" of psychiatry, characterized by the use of psychedelics: compounds that do not merely suppress symptoms but appear to catalyze profound, rapid, and durable healing through mechanisms of neuroplasticity and network reorganization.

This report serves as an exhaustive analysis of the current state of psychedelic medicine as of late 2025. It moves beyond the simplistic "shroom boom" narratives to dissect the complex neurobiology, the rigorous clinical trials, and the volatile regulatory landscape that defines this sector. The subject matter encompasses "classic" psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which primarily target the serotonin 2A receptor, as well as "atypical" psychedelics or entactogens like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).

Researchers find breast cancer drug boosts leukemia treatment

Jeffrey Tyner, Ph.D., and Melissa Stewart, Ph.D., led a team at OHSU that discovered a new drug combination that may help people with acute myeloid leukemia.
Photo Credit: OHSU/Christine Torres Hicks

A research team at Oregon Health & Science University has discovered a promising new drug combination that may help people with acute myeloid leukemia overcome resistance to one of the most common frontline therapies.

In a study published in Cell Reports Medicine, researchers analyzed more than 300 acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, patient samples and found that pairing venetoclax, a standard AML drug, with palbociclib, a cell-cycle inhibitor currently approved for breast cancer, produced significantly stronger and more durable anti-leukemia activity than venetoclax alone. The findings were confirmed in human tissue samples as well as in mouse models carrying human leukemia cells.

“Of the 25 drug combinations tested, venetoclax plus palbociclib was the most effective. That really motivated us to dig deeper into why it works so well, and why it appears to overcome resistance seen with current therapy,” said Melissa Stewart, Ph.D., research assistant professor in the OHSU School of Medicine and Knight Cancer Institute and lead author of the study.

More than 20,000 Americans are diagnosed with AML each year, making it one of the most common types of leukemia — and one of the most aggressive.

Pharmaceutical Science: In-Depth Description

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / AI generated

Pharmaceutical science is the multidisciplinary field concerned with the discovery, development, manufacturing, and regulation of medications. It acts as the critical bridge between the chemical and biological sciences, focusing on the complex process of turning a chemical entity or biologic agent into a safe and effective therapeutic product. Its primary goals are to understand how drugs interact with biological systems, to design optimal delivery mechanisms for these drugs, and to ensure their safety and efficacy for the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases.

A platform to test new cancer treatments

Differentiated hepatic cells growing in a flask re-gain the appearance of cells present in liver.
Image Credit: © FAMOL, UNIGE

Overcoming acquired treatment resistance is one of the major challenges in the fight against cancer. While combination therapies hold promise, their toxicity to healthy tissue remains a major hurdle. To anticipate these risks, researchers at the University of Geneva (UNIGE) have developed in vitro models of the kidneys, liver, and heart – three organs particularly sensitive to such therapies. This fast, animal-free approach paves the way for safer evaluation of new treatments. The findings are published in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 

Recent advances in immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and gene therapies have significantly improved survival rates for patients with cancer. However, over time, many tumors develop resistance to these treatments, undermining their effectiveness. This phenomenon, known as ‘acquired resistance’, has become one of the major challenges in oncology. 

Reproduced human neural circuits show the crucial role of the thalamus in shaping the cortical circuit

Assembloid [3D fluorescent staining] Axons in the thalamus (pink) extended toward the cortex, while those in the cortex (green) extended toward the thalamus at 14 days post-fusion.
Image Credit: Fumitaka Osakada

A Japanese research team has successfully reproduced the human neural circuit in vitro using multi-region miniature organs known as assembloids, which are derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. With this circuit, the team demonstrated that the thalamus plays a crucial role in shaping cell type-specific neural circuits in the human cerebral cortex.

These findings were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Our brain’s cerebral cortex contains various types of neurons, and effective communication among these neurons and other brain regions is crucial for activating functions like perception and cognition.

Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), exhibit disruptions in the structure and function of neural circuits in the cerebral cortex. Therefore, understanding the principles of these circuits is essential to uncovering the causes of these disorders and developing new medications.