Scientists now know why ovarian cancer spreads so rapidly in the abdomen

Cancer cells (red) stick to mesothelial cells (green) and form hybrid spheres that cut into surrounding abdominal tissue.
Image Credit: Uno et al., 2026

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Ovarian cancer cells accelerate their spread by recruiting protective mesothelial cells from the abdominal lining to form hybrid spheres, rather than traveling alone.
• Methodology: Researchers analyzed abdominal fluid from patients using advanced live microscopy, single-cell genetic analysis, and mouse models to observe the interaction between cancer and mesothelial cells.
• Key Data: Approximately 60% of cancer spheres contain these recruited mesothelial cells, which are transformed by the cancer-secreted protein TGF-β1 to develop invasive properties.
• Significance: This mechanism explains why ovarian cancer metastasizes rapidly and resists chemotherapy, as the cancer cells effectively outsource the physical work of tissue invasion to the mesothelial cells.
• Future Application: New therapies could target the TGF-β1 signaling pathway or disrupt the formation of these hybrid clusters to prevent metastasis and improve treatment efficacy.
• Branch of Science: Oncology and Cell Biology
• Additional Detail: The cancer cells themselves undergo minimal genetic changes during this process, relying instead on the spike-like invadopodia of the recruited cells to drill into organs.

German Shepherd Dogs: Bottleneck effects shape breeding

Photo Credit: Steve Smith

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Analyses of historical genomes reveal that German Shepherd Dogs experienced significant genetic bottlenecks primarily after World War II and through the excessive use of popular sires, resulting in a massive drop in genetic diversity compared to early 20th-century specimens.
• Methodology: Researchers sequenced the genomes of nine historical German Shepherd Dogs from the Natural History Museum in Bern (living between 1906 and 1993) and compared them against medieval European dog genomes and modern shepherd representatives to trace diversity loss over time.
• Key Data: The most recent significant bottleneck in European German Shepherd Dogs was traced specifically to 1967, coinciding with the birth of the popular sire "Quanto von der Wienerau," marking a distinct spike in homozygous genomic segments despite a lack of pedigree-based inbreeding signs.
• Significance: The study clarifies that while an initial bottleneck occurred during breed formation, the critical reduction in genetic health and increased susceptibility to heritable disorders were driven largely by 20th-century population declines and intensive breeding practices rather than breed establishment alone.
• Future Application: Genetic health of the breed can be most effectively improved by incorporating dogs from countries or lineages that did not undergo these specific historical bottlenecks, thereby maintaining purebred status while maximizing longevity.
• Branch of Science: Paleogenetics / Evolutionary Genomics
• Additional Detail: Investigations into wolf-dog hybridization (e.g., Saarloos and Czechoslovakian Wolfdogs) demonstrated that introducing wolf ancestry provided only short-term diversity benefits, as subsequent closed-pool breeding quickly negated the genetic gains.

From sea to soil: Molecular changes suggest how algae evolved into plants

The unique structure of the photosynthetic complex called Lhcp suggests how photosynthetic systems changed as photosynthetic organisms evolved from water to land   
Illustration Credit: Osaka Metropolitan University

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers elucidated the three-dimensional structure and function of Lhcp, a unique light-harvesting complex in the prasinophyte alga Ostreococcus tauri, revealing critical evolutionary differences compared to LHCII in terrestrial plants.
• Methodology: The study utilized cryo-electron microscopy to visualize the protein scaffold of Lhcp and analyzed structural variations in pigment binding and protein loops to determine light absorption and energy transfer mechanisms.
• Key Data: The Lhcp trimer architecture is uniquely stabilized by pigment–pigment and pigment–protein interactions, specifically involving a distinct carotenoid arranged at the subunit interface that enhances absorption of blue-green light.
• Significance: This analysis highlights the molecular adaptations that primitive algae utilized to survive in low-light deep-sea environments and identifies structural shifts necessary for the evolutionary transition of photosynthetic organisms from water to land.
• Future Application: Uncovering the molecular basis for the selection of LHCII over Lhcp could refine our understanding of plant evolution and inform the development of artificial photosynthesis systems optimized for specific light environments.
• Branch of Science: Evolutionary Biology, Structural Biology, and Plant Physiology

A clock that measures the aging of nerve cells finds molecules that protect against age-related neurodegeneration

nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: A novel "aging clock" based on gene expression patterns has revealed that individual nerve cells age at varying rates, with some neurons exhibiting advanced biological aging even in young organisms.
• Methodology: Researchers analyzed the complete nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, employing machine learning to correlate transcriptome changes with cellular age and screen potential pharmacological interventions.
• Key Data: The study identified syringic acid (found in blueberries) and vanoxerine as agents that preserve neuronal health, while unexpectedly classifying resveratrol and WAY-100635 as neurotoxins that accelerate degeneration.
• Significance: This research isolates increased protein biosynthesis as the primary molecular driver of premature neuronal aging, offering a precise mechanism to distinguish between vulnerable and resilient neuron types.
• Future Application: Implementation of AI-driven classification systems will allow scientists to rapidly identify and repurpose drugs that specifically inhibit neuronal aging processes for human neurodegenerative therapy.
• Branch of Science: Neuroscience, Gerontology (Aging Research), and Bioinformatics.
• Additional Detail: Rapidly aging neurons displayed hyperactive protein production, and pharmacologically inhibiting this specific process was found to be sufficient to preserve the cells' structural integrity.

Genomics: In-Depth Description

Genomics is the interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Unlike genetics, which typically refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims to characterize and quantify the collective characterization of all the genes, their interrelationships, and their combined influence on the organism.

What Is: Environmental DNA (eDNA)

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

The Core Concept: A non-invasive monitoring technique that detects the presence of species by extracting and analyzing genetic material shed into the environment (water, soil, air) rather than isolating the organism itself.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Unlike traditional ecology which relies on physical capture or visual observation ("macro-organismal" interaction), eDNA focuses on the "molecular" traces—such as mucus, skin cells, and gametes—organisms leave behind, effectively reading the environment as a biological archive.

Origin/History: Initially developed in the 1980s as a niche method for identifying soil microbes, it has since evolved into a global surveillance network for monitoring macro-organisms across diverse ecosystems.

Major Frameworks/Components:

• Physical States: Exists as intracellular (within cells), extracellular (free-floating), or particle-bound DNA, with varying persistence rates.
• Genetic Targets: Primarily targets mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers (e.g., COI, 12S rRNA) due to their exponential abundance compared to nuclear DNA.
• Analytical Workflows: Utilizes qPCR/dPCR for targeted "needle in a haystack" detection (single species) and Metabarcoding for community-wide ecosystem inventories.
• Fate and Transport: Modeling how genetic material moves through systems (e.g., downstream flow) and degrades due to environmental factors like UV radiation, temperature, and microbial activity.

Branch of Science: Molecular Ecology, Conservation Biology, Genetics, Bioinformatics.

Future Application: Enhanced "early warning systems" for invasive species (e.g., Burmese Python in Florida), non-invasive tracking of endangered wildlife in inaccessible habitats, and "ghost" censuses of ancient human history via cave sediments.

Why It Matters: It dismantles the limitations of physical accessibility in science, enabling proactive, scalable, and highly sensitive biodiversity stewardship that can detect invisible pathogens or elusive predators without disrupting the ecosystem.

Agricultural Science: In-Depth Description

Agricultural Science is a broad, multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic, and social sciences used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Its primary goal is to improve the efficiency, sustainability, and quality of agricultural production—ranging from soil management and crop cultivation to animal husbandry and food processing—to ensure global food security and economic stability.

Using AI to Retrace the Evolution of Genetic Control Elements in the Brain

By decoding the DNA control elements that shape cerebellum development, artificial intelligence helps advancing our understanding of how the human brain evolved.
Image Credit: © Mari Sepp

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

The Core Concept: A methodology utilizing advanced artificial intelligence to decode and predict the activity of genetic control elements in the developing mammalian cerebellum based on DNA sequences.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Unlike traditional methods hindered by rapid evolutionary turnover, this approach employs machine learning models trained on comprehensive single-cell sequencing data from six mammalian species (human, bonobo, macaque, marmoset, mouse, and opossum) to predict regulatory activity directly from sequence grammar.

Major Frameworks/Components:

• Deep Learning Models: AI algorithms trained to predict genetic control element activity solely from DNA sequences.
• Single-Cell Sequencing: Mapping of element activity in individual cells across developing cerebellums of six diverse mammalian species.
• In Silico Prediction: Application of trained models to predict activity across 240 mammalian species to reconstruct evolutionary histories.
• Sequence Grammar Decoding: Identification of conserved rules defining control element function across species.

Branch of Science: Evolutionary Biology, Computational Biology, Genomics, and Neuroscience.

Future Application: Identification of human-specific genetic innovations involved in brain expansion and cognition, and potential insights into neurodevelopmental disorders by understanding regulatory gene repurposing.

Why It Matters: This research overcomes significant barriers in tracing brain evolution, revealing how specific genetic changes—such as the repurposing of the THRB gene—contributed to the expansion of the human cerebellum, a region critical for cognition and language.

New Perspectives on How Physical Instabilities Drive Embryonic Development

Microtubule asters in cytoplasmic extract of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. The spatio-temporal growth of the aster is coordinated by cell cycle waves that drive the polymerization (brighter regions) and depolymerization (darker regions) of microtubules.
Image Credit: © Melissa Rinaldin

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Cytoplasmic partitioning in early vertebrate embryos relies on microtubule asters that are inherently unstable and prone to fusion, requiring precise species-specific strategies to maintain spatial organization without physical membranes.
• Methodology: Researchers integrated theoretical physics modeling with in vivo analysis of zebrafish and fruit fly embryos and in vitro experiments using Xenopus laevis egg extracts to simulate and observe self-organizing cytoplasmic dynamics.
• Key Data: Comparative analysis demonstrated that zebrafish and frogs synchronize rapid cell divisions to precede the onset of aster instability, whereas fruit flies reduce microtubule nucleation rates to generate smaller, stable asters over extended periods.
• Significance: The study reveals that the modulation of simple physical parameters, specifically microtubule nucleation and growth, serves as a primary evolutionary mechanism enabling diverse species to adapt their embryonic architecture to different physical constraints.
• Future Application: This physical framework for cellular organization offers predictive models for investigating developmental defects and diseases defined by structural dysregulation, particularly in understanding tissue architecture breakdown in cancer.
• Branch of Science: Biophysics and Developmental Biology
• Additional Detail: The findings suggest that the coordination between physical instability and cell cycle timing is a potentially universal principle governing spatial organization across the phylogenetic tree.

How genes influence the microbes in our mouths

Illustration Credit: Agnieszka Grosso

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Scientists identified 11 specific regions of the human genome that significantly influence the composition and abundance of oral microbial communities, confirming that host genetics play a critical role in determining the mouth's bacterial environment.
• Methodology: Researchers analyzed whole-genome sequences derived from saliva samples of over 12,500 individuals, repurposing the data to simultaneously measure human genetic markers and the abundance of 439 common microbial species.
• Key Data: The study found that the FUT2 gene variant affected the levels of 58 oral bacterial species, while variations in the AMY1 gene influenced the abundance of more than 40 species.
• Significance: This research establishes a direct biological link between human genetics and oral health, suggesting that genetic factors can predispose individuals to cavities and tooth loss by altering the oral microbiome, independent of dental hygiene habits.
• Future Application: The statistical methods and findings developed in this study lay the groundwork for personalized dental care strategies and further large-scale investigations into how human genetics shape microbiomes throughout the body.
• Branch of Science: Genomics, Microbiology, and Oral Biology
• Additional Detail: Individuals with higher copy numbers of the AMY1 gene, which encodes a starch-digesting enzyme, showed increased populations of sugar-feeding bacteria and a statistically significant correlation with higher rates of denture use.

Stealth and manipulation: Strategies of bacterial plasmids

Bacterial plasmid strategies. The survival strategies put forward by the researchers hint at a powerful mechanism which might explain the key mechanisms behind the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
 Illustration Credit: ©2025 Ono et al.
(CC-BY)

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Bacterial plasmids utilize two distinct survival strategies—stealth and manipulation—to drive a "stealth-first" mechanism where antimicrobial resistance genes are initially acquired by stealthy plasmids before being rapidly disseminated by manipulative ones.
• Methodology: Researchers performed a massive computational analysis of over 10,000 plasmid sequences from the Enterobacterales group, identifying specific genetic markers that correlate with plasmid behavior and resistance gene distribution.
• Key Data: The study identified the hns gene as the signature for stealth plasmids and the psiB gene for manipulative plasmids, successfully applying this classification to reveal consistent patterns across 48 major antibiotic-resistance genes.
• Significance: This study establishes a novel evolutionary framework for understanding plasmid dynamics, offering a structural explanation for how antibiotic resistance emerges quietly before accelerating into widespread outbreaks.
• Future Application: The "stealth-first" model could serve as an early warning system to predict future resistance threats and highlights hns and psiB as potential targets for interventions to halt the spread of resistance.
• Branch of Science: Bioinformatics and Systems Biology.
• Additional Detail: Stealth plasmids minimize impact by keeping genes silent, whereas manipulative plasmids actively interfere with host systems to ensure survival; significantly, these two strategies rarely coexist on the same plasmid.

Researchers Uncover Potential Pathway To Address Williams-Beuren Syndrome

Daniel Greif, MD, professor of medicine (cardiovascular medicine) and genetics
Photo Credit: Courtesy of Yale School of Medicine

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

• The Core Concept: Researchers have identified sphingosine kinase 1 as a critical enzyme that drives the excess growth of smooth muscle cells, a primary cause of life-threatening arterial blockages in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome.
• Key Distinction/Mechanism: While Williams-Beuren syndrome is caused by a genetic elastin deficiency, this specific enzyme acts as an early "on switch" for the disease's complications. Unlike previously identified markers (such as NOTCH3) that appear later in the disease progression, sphingosine kinase 1 initiates the smooth muscle proliferation that leads to supravalvular aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aorta).
• Origin/History: The findings were published in Nature Cardiovascular Research on January 22, 2026, by a team led by Dr. Daniel Greif at the Yale School of Medicine.
• Major Frameworks/Components:
• Elastin Deficiency: The underlying genetic mutation preventing blood vessels from recoiling properly.
• Sphingosine Kinase 1: The newly identified enzyme target responsible for cell overgrowth.
• Smooth Muscle Proliferation: The biological process causing arterial narrowing.
• Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis: The specific cardiovascular condition resulting from the syndrome.
• Branch of Science: Cardiovascular Medicine, Genetics, and Cell Biology.
• Future Application: The immediate goal is developing pharmaceutical treatments to inhibit this enzyme, offering a non-surgical option for Williams-Beuren patients. Broader applications may include treating other conditions defined by excess smooth muscle, such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, and coronary artery restenosis.
• Why It Matters: Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments for Williams-Beuren syndrome; high-risk surgery is the only option. Identifying this early-stage enzymatic trigger provides the first viable pathway for creating a drug that could prevent or reverse the lethal cardiovascular complications of the disease.

AI generates short DNA sequences that show promise for gene therapies

Scientists are training AI models to recognize and write pieces of human DNA that control gene expression, in hopes that one day these synthetic sequences can improve genetic medicine.
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / AI generated (Gemini)

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

• The Core Concept: A generative AI model designed to create synthetic DNA sequences, specifically cis-regulatory elements (CREs), that can precisely control gene activity within targeted cell types.
• Key Distinction/Mechanism: Unlike traditional methods that modify existing DNA by removing or inserting segments, this model generates entirely new, functional sequences from scratch. It adapts diffusion model technology—similar to that used in image generators like DALL-E—to analyze chromatin accessibility data and write novel genetic "instructions."
• Origin/History: Developed by scientists at the Broad Institute and Mass General Brigham; the study was published in Nature Genetics in December 2025, with further details released in January 2026.
• Major Frameworks/Components:
• Diffusion Models: The generative AI architecture used to create the sequences.
• Cis-Regulatory Elements (CREs): The short DNA segments targeted for generation, responsible for tuning gene expression.
• Chromatin Accessibility Data: The training dataset used to teach the model which regulatory elements are active in specific cells.
• AXIN2: A protective gene used as a proof-of-concept target to demonstrate the model's ability to reactivate suppressed genes in leukemia cells.
• Branch of Science:
• Computational Biology / Bioinformatics
• Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI)
• Genetics and Genomics
• Future Application: The technology aims to enhance gene therapies by creating synthetic regulatory elements that ensure treatments are active only in the correct tissues. Future uses could involve pairing these sequences with delivery vectors like adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) or genome editors.
• Why It Matters: This advancement moves beyond merely editing the genome to "writing" it, enabling the design of highly specific, potent genetic switches. This could lead to more effective treatments for complex diseases like cancer by ensuring therapeutic genes are turned on more effectively than their natural counterparts would allow.

Exploring metabolic noise opens new paths to better biomanufacturing

WashU researchers track single cells to reveal enzyme copy number fluctuation as the main source of metabolic noise.
Image Credits: Alex Schmitz and Xinyue Mu

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Identification of enzyme copy number fluctuation arising from stochastic gene expression as the primary source of metabolic noise in microbial biomanufacturing.
• Methodology: Researchers utilized microfluidic devices to track single Escherichia coli cells engineered to produce betaxanthin (a yellow pigment), measuring both the metabolite and the enzyme concurrently during growth and division, followed by computational modeling and fermentation validation.
• Key Data: Approximately 50% of the observed metabolic noise stems from fluctuations in the production enzyme, while variations in cell growth rate account for less than 10% of the variability; cells were observed switching between high- and low-production states within a few hours.
• Significance: This finding clarifies why microbial productivity often fluctuates or drops in fermentation tanks, enabling the design of gene circuits that link higher enzyme expression to faster growth for sustained high-yield production.
• Future Application: Enhanced biomanufacturing of pharmaceuticals, supplements, biodegradable plastics, and fuels by deploying engineered strains that maintain peak metabolic activity.
• Branch of Science: Bioengineering, Synthetic Biology and Chemical Engineering.
• Additional Detail: This research supports the development of a zero-waste circular economy by improving the reliability of microbial fermentation processes.

How Wheat Fends Off Fungi

Photo Credit: Wolfgang Hasselmann

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers at the University of Zurich identified a novel immune evasion strategy in wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), where the fungus employs a secondary effector protein specifically to mask the presence of a primary effector (AvrPm4) from the host's immune system.
• Biological Mechanism: Unlike typical resistance evasion—where pathogens mutate or discard detected proteins—this mechanism allows the fungus to retain the vital AvrPm4 effector by deploying a second "masking" effector that blocks recognition by the wheat resistance protein Pm4.
• Critical Interaction: The secondary masking effector exhibits a dual function; while it inhibits Pm4-mediated detection, it is simultaneously vulnerable to recognition by a separate, distinct wheat resistance protein, creating a potential "evolutionary trap."
• Experimental Application: Laboratory trials demonstrated that "stacking" the resistance gene for Pm4 with the gene targeting the secondary effector successfully neutralizes the pathogen, as the fungus cannot suppress one immune response without triggering the other.
• Significance: Published in Nature Plants (January 2026), this finding offers a blueprint for engineering durable wheat varieties that exploit interacting fungal effectors to significantly delay or prevent the "breakdown" of disease resistance in global agriculture.

The Mechanical Ratchet: A New Mechanism of Cell Division Uncovered

A zebrafish embryo during the first cell division cycle, with the structural protein actin labelled, which marks the cell boundary and ingressing furrow. The image shows a time course from dark orange (before ingression) to brighter orange and finally white as ingression proceeds.
Image Credit: © Alison Kickuth, Brugués Lab

Cell division is an essential process for all life on earth, yet the exact mechanisms by which cells divide during early embryonic development have remained elusive – particularly for egg-laying species. Scientists from the Brugués group at the Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life (PoL) at Dresden University of Technology have revealed a novel mechanism that explains how early embryonic cells may divide without forming a complete contractile ring, traditionally seen as essential for this process. The findings, published in Nature, challenge the long-standing textbook view of cell division, revealing how parts of the cytoskeleton, and material properties of the cell interior (or cytoplasm) cooperate to drive division through a ‘ratchet’ mechanism.     

Exposure to natural light improves metabolic health

The research team provides the first evidence of the beneficial impact of natural light on people with this condition.
Image Credit: © Loïc Metz, UNIGE AI generated

Metabolic diseases have reached epidemic proportions in our society, driven by a sedentary lifestyle coupled with circadian misalignment - a desynchrony between our intrinsic biological clocks and environmental signals. Furthermore, we spend almost 90% of our time indoors, with very limited exposure to natural daylight. To investigate the specific role of daylight in human metabolism, particularly in glycemic control, researchers from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), the University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), Maastricht University, and the German Diabetes Center (DDZ) conducted a controlled study with thirteen volunteers with type 2 diabetes. When exposed to natural light, participants exhibited more stable blood glucose levels and an overall improvement in their metabolic profile. These results, published in the journal Cell Metabolism, provide the first evidence of the beneficial impact of natural light on people with type 2 diabetes. 

Plant science with a twist

Images of roots studied as part of new research exploring the molecular underpinnings to how plants twist their roots.
Image Credit: Dixit Lab / Washington University in St. Louis

From morning glories spiraling up fence posts to grape vines corkscrewing through arbors, twisted growth is a problem-solving tool found throughout the plant kingdom. Roots “do the twist” all the time, skewing hard right or left to avoid rocks and other debris.

Scientists have long known that mutations in certain genes affecting microtubules in plants can cause plants to grow in a twisting manner. In most cases, these are “null mutations,” meaning the twisting is often a consequence of the absence of a particular gene.

This still left a mystery for plant scientists like Ram Dixit, the George and Charmaine Mallinckrodt Professor of Biology at Washington University in St. Louis. The absence of a gene should cause all sorts of other problems for plants and yet twisted growth is an incredibly common evolutionary adaptation.

What Is: Biological Plasticity

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline

The Paradigm of the Reactive Genome 

The history of biological thought has long been dominated by a tension between the deterministic rigidity of the genotype and the fluid adaptability of the phenotype. For much of the 20th century, the Modern Synthesis emphasized the primacy of genetic mutation and natural selection, often relegating environmental influence to a mere background filter against which genes were selected. In this view, the organism was a fixed readout of a genetic program, stable and unwavering until a random mutation altered the code. However, a profound paradigm shift has occurred, repositioning the organism not as a static entity but as a dynamic system capable of producing distinct, often dramatically different phenotypes from a single genotype in response to environmental variation. This capacity, known as biological or phenotypic plasticity, is now recognized as a fundamental property of life, permeating every level of biological organization—from the epigenetic modification of chromatin in a stem cell nucleus to the behavioral phase transitions of swarming locusts, and ultimately to the structural rewiring of the mammalian cortex following injury. 

Study finds exposure to common air pollutants alters adolescent brain development

For the first time, researchers at OHSU evaluated the long-term impact of air pollution on adolescent brain health and development.
Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / AI generated

Physician-scientists at Oregon Health & Science University warn that exposure to air pollution may have serious implications for a child’s developing brain.

In a recent study published in the journal Environmental Research, researchers in OHSU’s Developmental Brain Imaging Lab found that air pollution is associated with structural changes in the adolescent brain, specifically in the frontal and temporal regions — the areas responsible for executive function, language, mood regulation and socioemotional processing.

Air pollution causes harmful contaminants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, to circulate in the environment. It has been exacerbated over the past two centuries by industrialization, vehicle emissions, and, more recently, wildfires.