This animation shows the four giant planets orbiting HR 8799, located 133 light-years from Earth. The movie combines real images captured at the W.M. Keck Observatory between 2009 and 2021, with the planets’ orbital motion smoothed by modeling their orbital paths around the star.
Image Credit: W. Thompson (NRC-HAA), C. Marois (NRC-HAA), Q. Konopacky (UCSD)
Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary
- Main Discovery: Astronomers detected hydrogen sulfide molecules for the first time in the atmospheres of four massive gas giant exoplanets orbiting the star HR 8799.
- Methodology: Researchers utilized spectral data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), applying new data analysis algorithms to suppress starlight and creating specialized atmospheric models to identify the unique light absorption signatures of sulfur.
- Key Data: The target system is located 133 light-years away in the constellation Pegasus, with the observed planets ranging from 5 to 10 times the mass of Jupiter and orbiting at distances greater than 15 astronomical units from their host star.
- Significance: The presence of sulfur indicates these bodies formed by accreting solid particles from a protoplanetary disk rather than collapsing directly from gas, definitively classifying them as planets rather than brown dwarfs.
- Future Application: The signal processing techniques developed for this study establish a viable method for characterizing the atmospheres of smaller, rocky worlds and searching for biosignatures on Earth-like exoplanets in the future.
- Branch of Science: Astronomy, Astrophysics and Planetary Science.
- Additional Detail: The study reveals that these distant giants share a heavy element enrichment pattern similar to Jupiter and Saturn, suggesting a universal formation mechanism for gas giants across different stellar systems.
Hydrogen sulfide is what makes rotten eggs stink. But the discovery of this gas in the atmospheres of four distant, Jupiter-like planets is turning heads for a pleasant reason: It solves the mystery of how some gas giants form. The discovery, made by UCLA and University of California San Diego astronomers, marks the first time that hydrogen sulfide has been detected in a distant gas giant outside our own solar system. Additionally, the technique the researchers used to identify the gas will also improve the search for life on other planets.
Gas giants, such as Jupiter and Saturn in our own solar system, are large planets made mostly of helium and/or hydrogen around a dense core, but they have a bit of an identity crisis. Planets form in the swirling disk of dust and gas around a newborn star. If the planet is about 13 times more massive than Jupiter, deuterium fusion occurs, a process that ignites a star-like object known as a brown dwarf, which straddles the line between planets and stars.
But astronomers have also identified brown dwarfs smaller than 13 Jupiter masses.
“The boundary between star formation and planet formation is quite fuzzy at these middle mass ranges,” said UCLA postdoctoral researcher Jerry Xuan, who is a first co-author of a paper announcing these discoveries, published in Nature Astronomy. “The definition that says a brown dwarf is an object more massive than 13 Jupiter masses is fairly arbitrary. It’s not based on knowledge of how planets and stars form.”
Xuan and colleagues at UCSD have now found some answers in four enormous gas giant planets that orbit a star called HR 8799, located approximately 133 light-years away in the constellation Pegasus. The smallest planet is five times more massive than Jupiter, and the largest is ten times more. The planets are far from their star – the closest one is 15 times farther away than Earth is from the Sun.
“For a long time, it was kind of unclear whether these objects are actually planets or brown dwarfs,” said Xuan.
The UCLA and UCSD team used spectral data gathered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to identify hydrogen sulfide in the planets’ atmospheres.
Different molecules show up as bands of different wavelengths of light in this data, allowing scientists to precisely identify which elements are present.
The planets are about 10,000 times fainter than their star, and to extract the weak signal from JWST’s data, first co-author Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, a research scientist at UCSD, developed new data analysis techniques. Xuan, a 51 Pegasi b Fellow at UCLA, created detailed atmospheric models that could be compared with the JWST spectra to see if sulfur was present.
The discovery of hydrogen sulfide means that the sulfur was accreted, or accumulated, in the form of solid matter from solids already present in the disk around the star from which the planets were born. These solids were gobbled up as the planet formed, and because the young planet’s core and atmosphere were extremely hot, the solids evaporated into the sulfur gas present today.
“Carbon and oxygen in these planets have been studied from Earth-based observations in the past, but they’re not good signatures for solid matter because they can come from both ice or solids in the disk, or from gas,” said Xuan. “But sulfur is unique because at the distance these planets are from their star, it has to be in the solids. There’s no way these planets could have accreted sulfur as gas.”
The ratio of sulfur to hydrogen, as well as that of carbon and oxygen to hydrogen, is much higher than what is found in the star; therefore, the composition of the planets has to be quite different from that of the star. The same puzzling pattern of uniform enrichment in heavy elements is also found in Jupiter and Saturn.
“It’s not easy to explain the uniform enrichment of carbon, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen for Jupiter, but the fact that we’re seeing this in a different system is suggesting that there’s something universal going on in the formation of planets, that it’s quite natural to have them accrete all heavy elements in nearly equal proportions,” said Xuan.
Ruffio said HR 8799 is somewhat unique because, thus far, it’s the only imaged system with four massive gas giants, but there are other known systems with one or two even larger companions and whose formation remains unknown.
“I think the question is, how big can a planet be?” he said. “Can a planet be 15, 20, 30 times the mass of Jupiter and still have formed like a planet? Where is the transition between planet formation and brown dwarf formation?”
Xuan said that the research will help the search for Earth-like exoplanets. The technique applied here, which lets researchers visually and spectrally separate the planet from the star, will be useful for studying exoplanets at great distances from Earth in clear detail. The method is still limited to studying gas giants, but eventually, as telescopes get bigger and as instruments improve, scientists will be able to apply this kind of technique to study Earth-like planets, Xuan said.
“Finding an Earth analog is the holy grail for exoplanet search, but we’re probably decades away from achieving that,” said Xuan. “But maybe in 20-30 years, we’ll get the first spectrum of an Earth-like planet and search for biosignatures like oxygen and ozone in its atmosphere.”
Funding: NASA.
Published in journal: Nature Astronomy.
Title: Jupiter-like uniform metal enrichment in a system of multiple giant exoplanets
Authors: Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Jerry W. Xuan, Yayaati Chachan, Aurora Kesseli, Eve J. Lee, Charles Beichman, Klaus Hodapp, William O. Balmer, Quinn Konopacky, Marshall D. Perrin, Dimitri Mawet, Heather A. Knutson, Geoffrey Bryden, Thomas P. Greene, Doug Johnstone, Jarron Leisenring, Michael Meyer, and Marie Ygouf
Source/Credit: University of California, Los Angeles | Holly Ober
Reference Number: asph021126_01
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