Engineered yeast gives the U.S. a green edge in the critical minerals market

Researchers genetically engineered the metabolic pathways in yeast to produce oxalic acid, which can be used to extract free rare earth elements from low-grade ore.
Graphic Credit: Courtesy Dan Herchek/LLNL

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary: Engineered Yeast for Rare Earth Element Recovery

The Core Concept: A novel, environmentally sustainable biomanufacturing process that utilizes genetically engineered yeast to produce oxalic acid, which is subsequently used to extract and purify free rare-earth elements (REEs) from low-grade ore.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Conventional oxalic acid production relies on strong acids and generates environmentally hazardous byproducts. In contrast, this new method employs a low-pH-tolerant yeast strain (Issatchenkia orientalis) with modified metabolic pathways to convert glucose directly into oxalic acid. The resulting fermentation broth acts as an oxidizer that selectively binds to REEs, precipitating them into a solid state with over 99% efficiency while leaving unwanted "junk" metals (like zinc) dissolved in solution.

Origin/History: It was developed through a collaboration between the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and the University of Kentucky, in response to a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) solicitation aimed at utilizing environmental microbes as bioengineering resources.

Researchers create a never-before-seen molecule and prove its exotic nature with quantum computing

Dyson orbital for electron attachment, calculated using quantum hardware.
Image Credit IBM Research and the University of Manchester.

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary: Half-Möbius Topology Molecule

• Main Discovery: Scientists synthesized and characterized a single molecule with a half-Möbius electronic topology, representing the first experimental observation of electrons traveling through a structure in a previously unknown corkscrew-like pattern.
• Methodology: The molecule was assembled atom-by-atom from a custom precursor using precisely calibrated voltage pulses under ultra-high vacuum at near-absolute-zero temperatures, while scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and an IBM quantum computer were utilized to validate its properties.
• Key Data: The engineered molecule features the chemical formula \(C_{13}Cl_2\) and exhibits an electronic structure that undergoes a 90-degree twist with each circuit, requiring a 32-electron quantum simulation and four complete molecular loops to return to its starting phase.
• Significance: The experiment proves that electronic topology can be deliberately engineered rather than merely found in nature, establishing topology as a switchable degree of freedom for controlling material behaviors and chemical interactions at the molecular scale.
• Future Application: The ability to reversibly switch such molecules between clockwise-twisted, counterclockwise-twisted, and untwisted states offers a powerful new route for developing advanced quantum-centric supercomputing workflows and engineering targeted material properties for next-generation electronics and data storage.
• Branch of Science: Computational Chemistry, Quantum Physics, Solid-State Physics, and Molecular Science.
• Additional Detail: High-fidelity quantum computing simulations identified that a helical pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect is the specific mechanism responsible for the formation of this unprecedented half-Möbius electronic topology.

Scientists develop molecules that may treat Crohn’s disease

Broad scientists designed molecules (pictured in teal) that can bind CARD9 (white with red and blue), a protein linked to inflammatory bowel disease.
Image Credit: Rush et al. Cell. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.12.013

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers developed small-molecule drug candidates that mimic a rare, protective variant of the CARD9 gene to treat Crohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel diseases.
• Methodology: The team utilized a "binder-first" strategy, screening 20 billion molecules to identify binders to the CARD9 coiled-coil domain, followed by X-ray crystallography and competitive binding assays to isolate compounds that block inflammatory signaling.
• Key Data: The initial library screen evaluated over 20 billion compounds, ultimately yielding molecules that significantly reduced inflammation in both human immune cells and a mouse model expressing the human CARD9 gene.
• Significance: This work validates a complete "genetics-to-therapeutics" pipeline, proving that scaffolding proteins previously considered "undruggable" can be effectively targeted by mimicking naturally occurring protective variants.
• Future Application: Immediate efforts focus on optimizing these compounds for human clinical trials, while the broader methodology provides a blueprint for developing drugs against other difficult genetic targets.
• Branch of Science: Chemical Biology, Immunology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology.
• Additional Detail: The development strategy parallels the success of PCSK9 inhibitors for cholesterol, leveraging the safety profile of a natural genetic variant to guide drug design.

Scientists identify target to treat devastating brain disease

Using near-atomic imaging, OHSU researchers mapped where disease-associated autoantibodies bind to the extracellular domain of the NMDA receptor. The highlighted region — colored yellow through red, based on how frequently it is targeted — reveals small areas of the receptor recognized by autoantibodies in both mice and people with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, making it a promising target for future treatments.
Photo Credit: OHSU/Christine Torres Hicks

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary

The Core Concept: Researchers have identified specific "hot spots" on the NMDA receptor where disease-causing autoantibodies bind, pinpointing a precise target for treating the autoimmune condition often called "Brain on Fire" (anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis).

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Current treatments rely on broad immunosuppression, which can be inconsistent and cause significant side effects. This discovery uses near-atomic imaging to map the exact locations on the receptor's extracellular domain where the attack occurs. By identifying these specific binding sites, scientists aim to develop therapies that block the autoantibodies directly rather than suppressing the entire immune system.

Origin/History: The study was published on January 14, 2026, in the journal Science Advances by a team at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).

Major Frameworks/Components:

• NMDA Receptor: A critical neurotransmitter receptor in the brain responsible for memory and learning, which becomes the target of the autoimmune attack.
• Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM): The high-resolution imaging technology used to visualize the receptor and antibody interactions at a near-atomic level.
• Comparative Modeling: Researchers confirmed the relevance of their findings by matching autoantibody binding sites in engineered mice with those found in human patients.

Why It Matters: This discovery opens the door to the first targeted drug therapies for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, potentially offering a cure that prevents relapse and avoids the risks of long-term immunosuppression. Additionally, these specific markers could lead to blood tests that allow for earlier diagnosis and intervention.

More sustainable epoxy thanks to phosphorus

Empa researcher Arvindh Sekar with the novel epoxy resin that is both flame-retardant and recyclable.
 Photo Credit: Empa

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Empa researchers developed a novel epoxy resin based on a phosphonate ester vitrimer that combines flame-retardancy with full recyclability and repairability, effectively overcoming the permanent crosslinking limitations of traditional thermosets.
• Mechanism: The resin incorporates a functional phosphonate ester molecule that forms a dynamic polymer network; these reversible crosslinks allow the material to melt and be reshaped under specific heat conditions, unlike standard epoxies which burn or decompose.
• Key Properties: The modified material retains the high mechanical hardness and thermal stability of conventional epoxy resins while gaining "self-healing" capabilities, enabling the repair of surface scratches and cuts through the application of heat and pressure.
• Context: Unlike standard fiber-reinforced plastics that are typically incinerated or landfilled, this vitrimer allows for the complete separation and recovery of valuable reinforcement materials, such as carbon fibers, from the polymer matrix.
• Significance: This innovation enables a circular economy for crosslinked polymers, offering immediate applications in lightweight, fire-safe composites for aerospace and rail, as well as transparent protective coatings for wooden flooring.

Machine learning drives drug repurposing for neuroblastoma

Daniel Bexell leads the research group in molecular pediatric oncology, and Katarzyna Radke, first author of the study.
Photo Credit: Lund University

Using machine learning and a large volume of data on genes and existing drugs, researchers at Lund University in Sweden have identified a combination of statins and phenothiazines that is particularly promising in the treatment of the aggressive form of neuroblastoma. The results from experimental trials showed slowing of tumor growth and higher survival rates. 

The childhood cancer, neuroblastoma, affects around 15-20 children in Sweden every year. Most of them fell ill before the age of five. Neuroblastoma is characterized by, among other things, tumors that are often resistant to drug treatment, including chemotherapy. The disease exists in both mild and severe forms, and the Lund University researchers are mainly studying the aggressive form, high-risk neuroblastoma. This variant is the form of childhood cancer with the lowest survival rate. 

Molecular Science: In-Depth Description

Image Credit: Scientific Frontline / AI generated

Molecular Science is the cross-disciplinary study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and functional arrangements of molecules. This broad field integrates principles from chemistry, physics, and biology to understand how atoms interact to form matter and how molecular interactions govern natural phenomena. Its primary goal is to elucidate the fundamental rules of molecular behavior to manipulate matter at the nanoscale, enabling the design of new materials, medicines, and energy systems.

Surfing on the waves of the microcosm

A particle (red sphere) is guided from left to its destination (right) using a laser trap (double-cone) by means of a protocol developed in the study, which is described by the parameter λ. A known time-dependent external force field F (t) acts on this environment. The optimised protocol exploits this force field in a way that extracts the maximum amount of work. This can be applied to various external fields, to active particles and to micro-robot transport problems. 
Image Credit: HHU/Kristian S. Olsen

Conditions can get rough in the micro- and nanoworld. To ensure that e.g. nutrients can still be optimally transported within cells, the minuscule transporters involved need to respond to the fluctuating environment. Physicists at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU) and Tel Aviv University in Israel have used model calculations to examine how this can succeed. They have now published their results – which could also be relevant for future microscopic machines – in the scientific journal Nature Communications. 

When planning an ocean crossing, sailors seek a course, which makes optimum use of favorable wind and ocean currents, and maneuver to save time and energy. They also react to random fluctuations in wind and currents and take advantage of fair winds and waves. Such considerations regarding energy costs are also important for transport processes at the micro- and nanoscale. For example, molecular motors should use as little energy as possible when transporting nutrients from A to B between and within biological cells.  

A New Kind of Copper from the Research Reactor

In front of the nuclear reactor at TU Wien
Photo Credit: © TU Wien

The copper isotope Cu-64 plays an important role in medicine: it is used in imaging processes and also shows potential for cancer therapy. However, it does not occur naturally and must be produced artificially — a complex and costly process. Until now, Cu-64 has been generated by bombarding nickel atoms with protons. When a nickel nucleus absorbs a proton, it is transformed into copper. At TU Wien, however, a different pathway has now been demonstrated: Cu-63 can be converted into Cu-64 by neutron irradiation in a research reactor. This works thanks to a special trick — so-called “recoil chemistry.” 

Rice engineers show lab grown diamond films can stop costly mineral buildup in pipes

Pulickel Ajayan and Xiang Zhang
Photo Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University

In industrial pipes, mineral deposits build up the way limescale collects inside a kettle ⎯ only on a far larger and more expensive scale. Mineral scaling is a major issue in water and energy systems, where it slows flow, strains equipment and drives up costs.

A new study by Rice University engineers shows that lab-grown diamond coatings could resolve the issue, providing an alternative to chemical additives and mechanical cleaning, both of which offer only temporary relief and carry environmental or operational downsides.

“Because of these limitations, there is growing interest in materials that can naturally resist scale formation without constant intervention,” said Xiang Zhang, assistant research professor of materials science and nanoengineering and a first author on the study alongside Rice postdoctoral researcher Yifan Zhu. “Our work addresses this urgent need by identifying a coating material that can ‘stay clean’ on its own.”

Molecules assem­bled by hand

Weakly bound KCs molecules are transferred into what is known as their “absolute ground state”.
Image Credit: University of Innsbruck

Researchers from Hanns-Christoph Nägerl's group have produced the world’s first ultracold KCs molecules in their absolute ground state. Starting by mixing clouds of potassium and caesium atoms cooled almost to absolute zero temperature, they were able to use a combination of magnetic fields and laser beams to associate pairs of freely moving atoms into chemically stable molecules. 

As many of us remember from chemistry classes, molecules can only be produced in chemical reactions, which always occur at unpredictable, random times. We may also remember that higher temperatures make reactions faster, and sufficiently low temperatures may stop reactions from taking place altogether. These statements do not apply if chemistry is conducted by physicists. In the last 20 years, several different types of molecules have been produced in gaseous mixtures at temperatures close to absolute zero, using methods that narrow the exact time at which the molecules are made to a few microseconds. Until recently, KCs remained a gaping hole in the table of possible element combinations that have already been turned into molecules in this way. 

New recharge-to-recycle reactor turns battery waste into new lithium feedstock

A photo of the electrochemical cell set-up in the Rice lab
Photo Credit: Jorge Vidal/Rice University

As global electric vehicle adoption accelerates, end-of-life battery packs are quickly becoming a major waste stream. Lithium is costly to mine and refine, and most current recycling methods are energy- and chemical-intensive, often producing lithium carbonate that must be further processed into lithium hydroxide for reuse.

Instead of smelting or dissolving shredded battery materials (“black mass”) in strong acids, a team of engineers at Rice University has developed a cleaner approach by recharging the waste cathode materials to coax out lithium ions into water, where they combine with hydroxide to form high-purity lithium hydroxide.

“We asked a basic question: If charging a battery pulls lithium out of a cathode, why not use that same reaction to recycle?” said Sibani Lisa Biswal, chair of Rice’s Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the William M. McCardell Professor in Chemical Engineering. “By pairing that chemistry with a compact electrochemical reactor, we can separate lithium cleanly and produce the exact salt manufacturers want.”

The Power of Geckos: TU Wien Solves the Puzzle of Large Molecules

An example for large molecules with Van-der-Waals forces
Image Credit: Technische Universität Wien

A puzzle in theoretical chemistry has been solved at TU Wien: a new computational method now makes it possible to calculate the forces between large molecules with unprecedented accuracy.

Why can geckos walk up walls? Why does nitrogen become liquid at –196 °C? Many everyday phenomena can be explained by van der Waals forces – weak bonds between molecules that are notoriously difficult to calculate. For years, scientists have struggled with the fact that different computational methods produced conflicting results.

Now, researchers at TU Wien have resolved this discrepancy and found a solution. Ironically, it was the very method long considered the “gold standard” of quantum chemistry that turned out to be the source of the error: it systematically overestimates the energy contained in certain molecular bonds. With an improved variant, the TU Wien team can now correctly predict the behavior of large molecules – an essential step for understanding biological systems and for advancing renewable energy technologies.

Nanopore signals, machine learning unlocks new molecular analysis tool

Illustration of voltage-matrix nanopore profiling. The artistic rendering depicts proteins (colored shapes) being analyzed by solid-state nanopores under varying voltage conditions. By combining nanopore signals with machine learning, researchers can discriminate protein mixtures and detect changes in molecular populations.
Image Credit: ©2025 Sotaro Uemura, The University of Tokyo

Understanding molecular diversity is fundamental to biomedical research and diagnostics, but existing analytical tools struggle to distinguish subtle variations in the structure or composition among biomolecules, such as proteins. Researchers at the University of Tokyo have developed a new analytical approach, which helps overcome this problem. The new method, called voltage-matrix nanopore profiling, combines multivoltage solid-state nanopore recordings with machine learning for accurate classification of proteins in complex mixtures, based on the proteins’ intrinsic electrical signatures.

The study, published in Chemical Science, demonstrates how this new framework can identify and classify “molecular individuality” without the need for labels or modifications. The research holds promise of providing a foundation that could lead to more advanced and wider applications of molecular analysis in various areas, including disease diagnosis.

New AI Model for Drug Design Brings More Physics to Bear in Predictions

This illustration shows the mesh of anchoring points the team obtained by discretizing the manifold, an estimation of the distribution of atoms and the probable locations of electrons in the molecule. This is important because, as the authors note in the new paper, treating atoms as solid points "does not fully reflect the spatial extent that real atoms occupy in three-dimensional space."
Image Credit: Liu et al./PNAS

When machine learning is used to suggest new potential scientific insights or directions, algorithms sometimes offer solutions that are not physically sound. Take for example AlphaFold, the AI system that predicts the complex ways in which amino acid chains will fold into 3D protein structures. The system sometimes suggests "unphysical" folds—configurations that are implausible based on the laws of physics—especially when asked to predict the folds for chains that are significantly different from its training data. To limit this type of unphysical result in the realm of drug design, Anima Anandkumar, Bren Professor of Computing and Mathematical Sciences at Caltech, and her colleagues have introduced a new machine learning model called NucleusDiff, which incorporates a simple physical idea into its training, greatly improving the algorithm's performance.

New advances to boost regeneration and plasticity of brain neurons

The study is led by Professor Daniel Tornero and researcher Alba Ortega , from the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and the Institute of Neurosciences of the University of Barcelona
Photo Credit: Courtesy of University of Barcelona

The brain’s mechanisms for repairing injuries caused by trauma or degenerative diseases are not yet known in detail. Now, a study by the University of Barcelona describes a new strategy based on stem cell therapy that could enhance neuronal regeneration and neuroplasticity when this vital organ is damaged. The results reveal that the use of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), combined with stem cell-based cell therapies, could help in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or brain injuries.

Combining cell therapy with BDNF production

BDNF is a protein that is synthesized mainly in the brain and plays a key role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Several studies have described its potential to promote neuronal survival and growth, findings that are now extended by the new study.

“The findings indicate that BDNF can promote the maturation and increase the activity of neurons generated in the laboratory from donor skin cells. The skin cells must first be reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and then differentiated to obtain neuronal cultures,” says Daniel Tornero, from the UB’s Department of Biomedicine and the CIBER Area for the Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED).

In this way, the study combines cell therapy with the production of BDNF in the same cells. This study confirms the beneficial effects of this growth factor in neuronal cultures derived from human stem cells, the same cells that are used in cell therapy to treat, for example, stroke in animal models.

Binding power of trapped water demonstrated for the first time

Water molecules are a driving force in the formation of molecular bonds, such as in proteins.
Image Credit: INT, KIT

Water is everywhere – it covers most of the earth, circulates in the human body and can be found in even the smallest molecular niches. But what happens if water does not flow freely but is trapped in such structures? Researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and Constructor University in Bremen have proven for the first time that "locked" water can influence its environment and strengthen the bond between molecules. This finding could open new avenues for the development of drugs and materials.

Some of the water on Earth is found in tiny nooks and crannies – enclosed in molecular pockets, such as protein binding sites or synthetic receptors. Whether this water behaves neutrally in the presence of other molecules or influences their binding has so far been controversial. "Water molecules usually interact most strongly with each other. However, experimental data showed that water behaves unusually in such narrow pockets", says Dr. Frank Biedermann from KIT's Institute of Nanotechnology. "We have now been able to provide the theoretical basis for these observations and prove that the water in the molecular pockets is energetically tense."

Extra Silver Atom Sparks Breakthrough in Photoluminescence of Silver Nanoclusters

Structural architectures of anion-templated (a) Ag78 and (b) Ag79 NCs. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Image Credit: ©Yuichi Negishi et al.

A team of researchers from Tohoku University, Tokyo University of Science, and the Institute for Molecular Science have uncovered how the precise addition of a single silver (Ag) atom can dramatically transform the light-emitting properties of high-nuclear Ag nanoclusters (NCs). The study reports a remarkable 77-fold increase in photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) at room temperature - a milestone that paves the way for practical applications in optoelectronics and sensing technologies. The findings were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Photoluminescence quantum yield is an important metric used to evaluate the efficiency of photoluminescence, which is how well a material can absorb energy and convert it into light. Improving PLQY positively impacts technology such as OLEDs in TV screens.

Scientists develop novel RNA- or DNA-based substances to protect plants from viruses

The new active ingredients can be used to protect plants against viruses.
Photo Credit: Uni Halle / Markus Scholz

Individually tailored RNA or DNA-based molecules are able to reliably fight off viral infections in plants, according to a new study by the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), which was published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. The researchers were able to fend off a common virus using the new active substances in up to 90 per cent of cases. They also developed a method for finding substances tailored specifically to the virus. The team has now patented the method.

During a viral infection, the plant’s cells are hijacked by the virus to multiply itself. Key products of this process are viral RNA molecules that serve as blueprints for the production of proteins. "A virus cannot reproduce without producing its proteins," explains Professor Sven-Erik Behrens from the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology at MLU. For years, his team has been working on ways to disrupt this process and degrade the viral RNA molecules inside the cells. 

In the new study, the researchers describe how this can be achieved using the so-called "antisense" method. It relies on short, synthetically produced DNA molecules known as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). In the plant cells, the ASOs direct cellular enzymes acting as scissors towards the foreign RNA so they can degrade it. "For this process to work, it is crucial to identify a suitable target structure in the viral RNA which the enzyme scissors can attach to," explains Behrens. However, finding those accessible sites is really tricky: most potential target RNA molecules have a very complex structure, and they are also masked by other cell components. "This makes it even more difficult to attack them directly," says Behrens. 

A better-fitting molecular ‘belt’ for making new drugs

David Nagib
Photo Credit: Courtesy of Ohio State University

Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary

• Main Discovery: Researchers developed a novel chemical method to synthesize piperidine rings by selectively replacing carbon-hydrogen bonds, solving a longstanding challenge in closing these molecular "belts."
• Specific Detail/Mechanism: The technique utilizes a copper catalyst and light to oxidize two carbon-hydrogen bonds, removing hydrogen and converting a bond into a nitrogen ring via a process analogous to photosynthesis.
• Key Statistic or Data: Piperidines, the specific six-sided rings addressed in this study, constitute the most common ring structure present in all pharmaceutical drugs.
• Context or Comparison: Prior to this discovery, synthesizing these rings was a cumbersome and expensive process due to the difficulty of modifying ubiquitous C-H bonds without precise chemical "markings."
• Significance/Future Application: This methodology enables the rapid generation of diverse drug candidate libraries for early-stage testing, with future research aimed at using cheaper starting materials for mass production.