Orchid without bumblebee on island finds wasp, loses self

The relationship between orchids and their pollinators is often highly exclusive because their physical features closely match each other. On mainland Japan, only a specific bumblebee can pollinate Goodyera henryi’s long flower tube with its long mouthparts (top right). Its close relative Goodyera similis has a short flower tube and is pollinated by a wasp with shorter mouthparts (middle right). On a remote island, where only wasps but no bumblebees exist (map, highlighted in red), both flowers are pollinated by the wasp (bottom right). However, for Goodyera henryi this came at the cost of hybridization with Goodyera similis and thus it lost some of its species identity.
Illustration Credit: © ANSAI Shun
(CC BY 4.0 DEED)

Because the bumblebee that an orchid relies on for pollination does not exist on a remote island, the plant gets pollinated by an island wasp. Kobe University researchers found that this came at the cost of being hybridized with another orchid species adapted to being pollinated by the wasp. The finding showcases how plants in ecological relationships adapt to changing circumstances.

Remote islands have been exciting study grounds for biologists since at least the days of Darwin. When studying ecological relationships between different species, the differences between mainland and island can hint at how such relationships evolve and what this means for the participating species. This is what piqued plant scientists’ curiosity when they discovered Goodyera henryi, an orchid which on mainland Japan is pollinated exclusively by a very specific bumblebee, on remote Japanese Kozu Island where the bumblebee doesn’t exist.

For Kobe University Professor SUETSUGU Kenji this fit perfectly into his long-term effort to understand the dynamics of island biology and evolutionary processes. The orchid specialist says: “The combination of our expertise, access to the location, and our interdisciplinary methodology puts us in a special position to study the impact of bumblebee absence on orchid evolution in this context.” With his team he studied the pollination of the orchids both on mainland Japan and on Kozu Island, and also employed genetic analysis to learn about the relationship patterns between the different populations of the plants.

A: Goodyera simils on mainland Japan. © KITADA Yoshiaki B: Goodyera henryi on mainland Japan. The flower tube is longer than that of Goodyera simils. © KITADA Yoshiaki C: A bumblebee on Goodyera henryi on mainland Japan with pollen clusters attached to the long mouthparts. Corresponding to the mouthparts, the pollen cluster is also long. © SHITARA Takuto D: Goodyera simils on Kozu Island. © SHITARA Takuto E: "Goodyera henryi" on Kozu Island. The leaf morphology and color are almost indistinguishable from those of mainland Goodyera henryi, but the flower tube is shorter. © SHITARA Takuto F: A scoliid wasp visiting "Goodyera henryi" on Kozu Island, with pollen clusters attached to the short mouthparts. Corresponding to the mouthparts, the pollen clusters are also short. © SHITARA Takuto

The results, now published in the journal New Phytologist, came with a surprise. The researchers first noticed that, on Kozu Island, Goodyera henryi is pollinated by the same scoliid wasp as the closely related orchid Goodyera similis, also found on the island. While in orchids the length of the flower tube closely matches the length of the pollinating insect mouthparts, the island wasp has much shorter mouthparts than the bumblebee that pollinates Goodyera henryi on the mainland. The researchers also noticed that the orchid’s flower tube was shorter on the island than the mainland. The surprise came when they compared the genetic makeup of the orchids. Suetsugu explains: “All specimens initially categorized as Goodyera henryi on Kozu Island are hybrids, leading to the absence of the pure species on the island.”

The research team speculates that, when Goodyera henryi first arrived on the island, it must have been visited by a wasp by chance, or precisely because the plant was not being visited by the bumblebee. While the wasp’s mouthparts are shorter than the bumblebee’s and therefore unable to carry Goodyera henryi pollen from one flower to another, if the insect had just before visited its usual orchid, Goodyera simils, pollen from that plant might have ended up on the new arrival, hybridizing it. This changed the appearance of the orchid such that it was now able to attach pollen to its substitute pollinator and thus establish itself on the island in its new hybridized form. “The most exciting aspect of this result is probably the implication for our understanding of how plants can adapt and evolve in response to changing ecological conditions, particularly in the context of declining pollinator populations,” says the Kobe University researcher.

Suetsugu says that this has implications beyond the academic study of evolutionary dynamics. Bumblebee species are on a global decline, but because bee removal experiments are unethical and impractical, it has been difficult to predict the ecological consequences. Explaining what the newly published results mean he says, “Even if bumblebee-dependent plants successfully engage substitute pollinators amidst the global decline of long-tongued bumblebees, the maintenance of plants’ species boundaries could be compromised due to the sharing of pollinators via hybrid formation.”

Funding: This study was financially supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (PRESTO JPMJPR21D6), by the Ministry of Environment, Japan (Environment Research and Technology Development Fund #4-2001), by the Ichimura Foundation for New Technology (26-01 and 27-7), and by the MEXT Promotion of Distinctive Joint Research Center Program (JPMXP0622716984).

Published in journal: New Phytologist

Additional information:  It was conducted in collaboration with researchers from Tohoku University, the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, the Museum of Natural and Environmental History Shizuoka, Kokubunji High School and from the Kozu Island village.

Source/Credit: Kobe University

Reference Number: bio101823_01

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