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| HIV, the AIDS virus (yellow), infecting a human cell Image Credit: National Cancer Institute |
Scientific Frontline: "At a Glance" Summary: HIV Persistence in Myeloid Cells
- Main Discovery: HIV can persist for years in myeloid cells, specifically short-lived monocytes and longer-lived monocyte-derived macrophages, in individuals who have been virally suppressed on antiretroviral therapy.
- Methodology: Researchers isolated monocytes from the blood of virally suppressed participants and cultured them with antiretroviral drugs. After the monocytes differentiated into macrophages, an immune activating agent and fresh white blood cells were introduced to track viral reactivation and spread over a 12-day period using a novel quantitative method.
- Key Data: Detectable levels of HIV genetic material were found in the myeloid cells of 30 participants who had been on antiretroviral therapy for at least five years. Furthermore, cell cultures from 5 out of 10 participants demonstrated that the virus in these macrophages could reactivate, produce more virus, and infect new cells.
- Significance: The identification of myeloid cells as a long-lived and stable reservoir capable of viral rebound challenges the prevailing scientific consensus that monocytes are too short-lived to significantly impede HIV eradication efforts.
- Future Application: HIV cure strategies must be fundamentally broadened beyond their current scope to simultaneously target and eradicate viral reservoirs in both CD4 T cells and myeloid cells.
- Branch of Science: Virology and Microbiology
- Additional Detail: The study was led by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, funded by the National Institutes of Health, and published in the journal Nature Microbiology.
A subset of white blood cells, known as myeloid cells, can harbor HIV in people who have been virally suppressed for years on antiretroviral therapy, according to findings from a small study supported by the National Institutes of Health. In the study, researchers used a new quantitative method to show that HIV in specific myeloid cells—short-lived monocytes and longer-lived monocyte-derived macrophages—can be reactivated and infect new cells. The findings, published in Nature Microbiology, suggest that myeloid cells contribute to a long-lived HIV reservoir, making these cells an important but overlooked target in efforts to eradicate HIV.
“Our findings challenge the prevailing narrative that monocytes are too short-lived to be important in cure efforts,” said study author Rebecca Veenhuis, Ph.D., an assistant professor of molecular and comparative pathobiology and of neurology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore. “Yes, the cells are short-lived, but our follow-up data show that HIV can persist in monocytes over several years in people who are virally suppressed. The fact that we can detect HIV in these cells over such a long period suggests something is keeping the myeloid reservoir going.”
The study, led by Veenhuis and colleagues at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, all part of NIH.
Antiretroviral medications are effective in treating HIV because they prevent the virus from infecting new cells and multiplying. However, HIV may still exist in cells that are in a resting, or latent, state, creating an HIV reservoir. CD4 T cells, a type of white blood cell, are the most well-studied HIV reservoir. Identifying HIV reservoirs is critical to cure efforts, as latent HIV can be reactivated if people stop taking antiretroviral medications.
Monocytes are immune cells that circulate in the blood for about 3 days before traveling to tissue in various parts of the body, including the brain, where they can mature into macrophages. To date, it has not been clear whether latent HIV in these cells can become active again and infect other cells.
“What’s really important in the long run is understanding how monocytes contribute to the tissue macrophage reservoir,” explained Janice Clements, Ph.D., senior author on the study and professor of molecular and comparative pathobiology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. “If monocytes can carry virus to the brain, or lung, or another part of the body and infect resident macrophages that are self-renewing and live almost indefinitely, that’s a real problem.”
In the study, Veenhuis, Clements, and colleagues first measured HIV DNA in myeloid cells in a sample of 30 participants with HIV, all of whom were virally suppressed and had been on antiretroviral therapy for at least 5 years. They found detectable levels of HIV genetic material in monocytes and macrophages, though the levels were much lower than those observed in CD4 T cells. In some participants, the HIV genetic material found in monocytes was intact, which suggests it may be capable of infecting other cells if reactivated.
They then used the new quantitative method they developed to directly measure viral spread from HIV found in myeloid cells. The researchers isolated monocytes from blood samples taken from 10 participants and nurtured the monocytes in cultures that contained antiretroviral drugs, to replicate the participants’ baseline physical state. After the monocytes differentiated into macrophages, the researchers introduced an immune activating agent and then added fresh white blood cells to allow for the virus to spread to new cells.
The researchers collected samples from the cell cultures several times over the next 12 days. They included checkpoints throughout the process to ensure that infected CD4 T cells did not interfere with their measurements.
The results showed that cultures from five of the 10 participants had detectable HIV genetic material in monocyte-derived macrophages that could be reactivated to infect other cells and produce more virus. The participants who had these reactivatable reservoirs of HIV in monocyte-derived macrophages had higher overall levels of HIV DNA material.
Follow-up data from three participants showed that this reservoir can be long-lived, harboring latent HIV for months to several years. These reservoirs were stable and could be reactivated over time, indicating that monocyte-derived macrophages could contribute to viral rebound if antiretroviral treatment is disrupted.
The researchers note that this study is small and larger studies with more diverse participant pools will be essential to accurately estimate the proportion of people who have latent HIV in myeloid cells. Investigating the mechanisms that replenish the monocyte reservoir over time is a critical next step in this research.
“These findings underscore the importance of broadening the scope of HIV cure efforts,” said Joshua A. Gordon, M.D., Ph.D., director of the National Institute of Mental Health. “Shifting away from a sole focus on CD4 T cells to thinking about CD 4 T cells and myeloid cells together, in context, will propel the field toward more promising strategies for eradicating HIV.”
Published in journal: Nature Microbiology
Title: Monocyte-derived macrophages contain persistent latent HIV reservoirs
Authors: Rebecca T. Veenhuis, Celina M. Abreu, Pedro A. G. Costa, Edna A. Ferreira, Janaysha Ratliff, Lily Pohlenz, Erin N. Shirk, Leah H. Rubin, Joel N. Blankson, Lucio Gama, and Janice E. Clements
Source/Credit: National Institutes of Health
Reference Number: vi032723_01
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