Geckos know their own odor

Objects of the study of the researchers of the University of Bern were Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko).
Photo Credit: © Francesca Angiolani

Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary: Gecko Self-Odor Recognition and Social Communication

The Core Concept: Geckos can use their tongues to differentiate their own body and fecal odors from those of other members of their species, demonstrating social communication and advanced cognitive abilities previously unassociated with reptiles.

Key Distinction/Mechanism: Unlike many mammals and birds that rely primarily on visual self-recognition or vocalization, geckos utilize chemosensory perception, darting their tongues to detect skin chemicals and pheromones and comparing them with environmental markers in their territory.

Major Frameworks/Components:

• Chemosensory self-recognition via tongue-flicking behavior.
• Discrimination of skin chemicals and pheromones from same-sex conspecifics.
• Utilization of feces and deposited pheromones for territorial marking and individual identification.
• Comparative behavioral responses showing increased tongue-flicking when encountering foreign odors compared to self-odors.

Branch of Science: Behavioral Ecology, Ethology, Evolutionary Biology, Herpetology.

Future Application: Providing a foundation for exploring the evolution of sociality, cognition, and communication across diverse taxonomic groups by utilizing geckos as a model organism.

Why It Matters: It challenges the long-held scientific assumption that reptiles are unsocial and primitive, revealing complex social structures and cognitive capacities within this taxonomic group.

Geckos can use their tongue to differentiate their own odor from that of other members of their species, as researchers from the University of Bern have shown in a new experimental study. The findings show that geckos are able to communicate socially, meaning that they are more intelligent than was previously assumed.

Self-recognition is the ability to detect stimuli which come from oneself. We as people, and also some animals, can identify ourselves visually when we look in the mirror. However, not all animals rely on their sense of sight, first and foremost. Geckos, and also other lizards and snakes, use their tongues to perceive chemicals, so-called pheromones, from other individuals. For instance, when climbing a wall, geckos pause every so often to dart their tongues around. This enables them to detect potential partners or rivals. But can geckos also detect their own odor and recognize themselves by smell?

In a study recently published in the journal Animal Cognition, researchers at the Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Bern focused on whether Tokay geckos can detect skin chemicals that they themselves produce, and whether they can discriminate between these chemicals and those of other geckos of the same sex. The experiments confirmed that geckos are capable of this. During the tests, the animals were more interested in the skin chemicals of other geckos than in their own. This shows that geckos use pheromones for social communication.

Dr. Birgit Szabo, Division of Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern.
Photo Credit: © Courtesy of B. Szabo

Gecko and peppermint odor on cotton swabs

During the experiment, the researchers presented the geckos with various odors on cotton swabs. As well as their own odor, these were odors from other geckos, or control odors such as water and peppermint. When they reacted, the geckos showed two types of behavior: on one hand, they stuck out their tongues in the direction of the odor on the swab and, on the other hand, towards the surrounding area, their own home enclosure. The researchers interpreted this behavior as a sign that the geckos first perceive the odor on the swab, and then compare it with their own odor on the walls of the enclosure. “The geckos have to compare more frequently when confronted with the odor of another gecko, compared to their own odor. "This indicates that they know their own odor,” explains Birgit Szabo, lead author of the study from the Division of Behavioral Ecology at the University of Bern’s Institute of Ecology and Evolution.

In an experiment, the team was also able to show that geckos detect and use the odors of their feces to distinguish themselves from others. Geckos also deposit pheromones on their excrement, for instance, to mark their territory. This is because, just like many mammals, geckos have preferred areas for defecation so that they can communicate their presence.

Prof. Dr. Eva Ringler, Head of the Division of Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern.
Photo Credit: © Courtesy of E. Ringler

More social and intelligent than we thought

The findings of the study show that geckos can communicate socially by using chemicals from their skin and excrement, and that they use these chemicals to distinguish themselves from other geckos. “Lizards and reptiles are generally seen as unsocial primitive animals. We must recognize that reptiles are more social and intelligent than we thought,” says Birgit Szabo.

“Reptiles, and especially geckos, are ideally suitable for investigating fundamental questions about the evolution of sociality. Within geckos, we can find a vast range of social structures and habitats. This allows us to investigate the interrelationships of cognition, communication and social living within a small taxonomic group – and make comparisons between these and other, more distantly related groups of animals such as mammals and birds,” says Eva Ringler, professor and head of the Division of Behavioral Ecology at the University of Bern.

Institute of Ecology and Evolution

The Institute of Ecology & Evolution at the University of Bern is devoted to research and teaching in all aspects of ecology and evolution, and aims to provide a scientific basis for the understanding and preservation of our living world. It promotes the study of the mechanisms by which organisms respond to and interact with their environment, including phenotypic responses at individual level, change in gene frequencies at population level, change in species composition and abundance at community level, and the functioning of whole ecosystems.

Published in journal: Animal Cognition

Title: Geckos differentiate self from other using both skin and faecal chemicals: evidence towards self-recognition?

Authors: Birgit Szabo, and Eva Ringler

Source/Credit: University of Bern

Edited by: Scientific Frontline

Reference Number: en022023_01

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