This study provides the drivers of variation in mercury concentrations in seabirds and, further, the first biologically based estimate of oceanic mercury distribution, analyzing blood mercury levels in more than 11,215 seabirds from 108 species, including 659 newly collected samples and over 10,556 from prior research. (THg: total mercury) Credit: Jumpei Okado (modified from Okado et al. 2026
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Scientific Frontline: Extended "At a Glance" Summary: Biologically Derived Oceanic Mercury Distribution
The Core Concept: This research provides the first biologically based estimate of global oceanic mercury distribution by analyzing blood mercury concentrations in more than 11,000 seabirds across 108 species.
Key Distinction/Mechanism: Unlike traditional approaches that rely heavily on marine biogeochemical simulation models, this methodology utilizes empirical measurements from marine organisms. Because mercury bioaccumulates as it moves up the food chain, seabird blood accurately reflects short-term dietary mercury intake, capturing the physical realities of marine toxicity across diverse geographic regions and foraging depths.
Major Frameworks/Components:
- Trophic Bioaccumulation: Mercury concentrations are measurably higher in seabirds with larger body mass, those positioned at higher trophic levels, and species foraging at mesopelagic depths between 200 and 1,000 meters.
- Regional Stratification: Statistical mapping identified heightened mercury levels in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and zones of low primary productivity, contrasting with significantly lower levels in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans.
- Sentinel Species Viability: The utilization of seabird blood collected during breeding acts as an effective, low-harm indicator of localized ocean health, specifically reflecting mercury intake over the two months prior to sampling.
Branch of Science: Environmental Science, Marine Biology, Ecotoxicology, and Biogeochemistry.
Future Application: This empirical biological model serves as a highly practical method to monitor global ocean health and verify the ongoing effectiveness of international environmental regulations, such as the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
Why It Matters: Researchers found that predictions from existing marine simulation models correlated weakly with the biological data. This indicates that empirical measurements derived from seabirds offer a much more reliable, real-world assessment of global marine mercury contamination than theoretical simulations alone.
The analysis was based on blood samples from over 11,000 seabirds, the first biologically derived estimate of oceanic mercury distribution.
Mercury released into the oceans affects marine environments worldwide. Traditionally, its distribution and quantity have been estimated using marine biogeochemical simulation models.
A recent international study led by Japanese researchers analyzed blood mercury concentrations in more than 11,215 seabirds from 108 species, of which 659 were newly collected samples and over 10,556 were from previous studies. This is the first biologically based estimate of oceanic mercury distribution.
The study found that mercury levels in seabirds vary according to prey trophic level, bird body weight, and foraging depth. The findings were published in Science of the Total Environment.
Mercury emissions into the ocean have risen since the Industrial Revolution, primarily due to increased atmospheric mercury from coal combustion. Mercury travels long distances by wind and enters the ocean through rainfall.
In the ocean, some mercury becomes highly toxic and bioaccumulates in the food chain, ultimately concentrating in the tissues of seabirds that consume fish and zooplankton.
Professor Akiko Shoji and Researcher Jumpei Okado of Nagoya University Graduate School of Environmental Studies, along with Senior Researcher Bungo Nishizawa of the Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, led an international study with 12 institutions from four countries.
Why were seabird blood samples used?
Blood samples from seabirds are efficiently collected when they come ashore for breeding. Mercury concentrations in adult birds’ blood at breeding sites reflect their dietary mercury intake from specific ocean areas within the two months prior to sampling.
This method enables a more accurate correlation of mercury levels with specific times and locations than other sample types. Additionally, blood collection causes minimal harm to the birds.
Analysis of seabird blood data
Between 2017 and 2024, researchers collected blood samples from 659 individuals representing 10 seabird species at breeding sites in Japan, Alaska, and New Zealand. They dried and homogenized the samples, then measured total mercury concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results were standardized to total mercury per gram of dry weight in whole blood for comparison.
Researchers also conducted a systematic review of 106 publications from 1980 to 2025, with over 80% published after 2010, and analyzed data on more than 10,556 adults representing 105 seabird species.
In total, the team analyzed blood mercury concentrations in over 11,215 individuals from 108 seabird species worldwide, covering diverse diets and geographic regions.
The analysis found that seabirds at higher trophic levels, with larger body mass, and those feeding on prey from depths between 200 and 1,000 meters have higher mercury levels.
Statistical analysis showed distinct regional patterns in oceanic mercury contamination. Mercury levels were higher in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific below 40 degrees south, and in areas with low productivity, as indicated by reduced chlorophyll a levels. In contrast, mercury levels were much lower in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans.
The study also found that albatrosses and shearwaters are more exposed to mercury than other seabird species.
Significance and future perspectives
The researchers found that predictions from the seabird-based model and the marine biogeochemical simulation models were only weakly correlated.
“The seabird model is based on empirical measurements from organisms and is therefore considered more reliable than values from marine simulation models,” said Shoji. “Seabirds live in diverse environments, from coastal and tropical zones to polar regions. Their varied feeding patterns make them effective indicators of global ocean health.”
This approach offers a promising method to monitor and verify the effectiveness of international mercury emission regulations, such as the Minamata Convention, and to support stronger global efforts to reduce mercury contamination in marine ecosystems.
Funding: This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research awarded to AS: 23KK0116, 22K21355, and 19KK0159), Japan Science and Technology Agency (EXPLORATORY RESEARCH GRANT awarded to AS: JPMJFR241E), and Japan Polar Research Association (2022 and 2023 awarded to CN). Sample collection in Aotearoa New Zealand was supported by the Conservation Services Programme of the Department of Conservation (POP2022–08, POP20220–7, and POP2022–10), the National Geographic Society (WW-249C-17), the Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (Project 192520234), and Birds New Zealand (Birds NZ Research fund 2017, 2019).
Published in journal: Science of the Total Environment
Title: Global drivers of variation in blood mercury of seabirds revealed by a meta-analysis
Authors: Jumpei Okado, Bungo Nishizawa, Johannes H. Fischer, Olivia C. Rowley, Yukihiko Toquenaga, Yasuaki Niizuma, Chinatsu Nakajima, Futoshi Ujiie, Toru Kawai, Shannon Whelan, Scott A. Hatch, Paco Bustamante, Graeme Elliott, Graham C. Parker, Kalinka Rexer-Huber, Kate Simister, Grace Tocker, Kath Walker, Heiko U. Wittmer, Igor Debski, and Akiko Shoji
Source/Credit: Nagoya University
Reference Number: env040926_01
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